Ancient Egyptian Genius free essay sample

Born in Ankhtowe, Egypt 3000 B. C. an ancient Egyptian genius. Inventor of the pyramid, author of ancient wisdom, architect, high priest, physician, and writer. Imhoteps many talents and knowledge had such an effect on the Egyptian people that he became one of only a handful of individuals of non-royal birth to be deified to the status of a god. Imhotep, or he who cometh in peace constructed the first pyramid in Sakkara and can still be seen today. This pyramid was the first structure ever built of cut stone, and is by far the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the World. Imhotep comes from a long line of architects his father, Kanofer, was a celebrated architect,that was later known to be the first of a long line of master builders who contributed to Egyptian works through the reign of King Darius the First. Imhotep held the position of the vizier under King Zoser. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Egyptian Genius or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In politics the vizier was literally described as supervisor of everything in this entire land. Only the highest educated citizen could handle the range of duties that worked closely with the Pharaoh of Egypt. Imhotep was chief advisor to Zoser in both religious and practical matters, and he controlled the departments of the court system, Treasury, War, Agriculture, and the General Executive. Although there are no historical records of Imhoteps acts as a political figure, his wisdom as a religious advisor was widely recognized after he ended a terrible famine (a severe shortage of food) that dominated Egypt during seven years of Zosers reign. Also known as a magical physician or god of medicine, beloved as a curer of everyday problems who could provide remedies for all diseases, and a giver of sons to the childless. Imhoteps name was often grouped with such powerful deities as Thoth the God of Wisdom, Isis the wonder-worker, and a healer known as Ptah, and the ancient God of Memphis. It is a matter of debate today how much of Imhoteps reputation as a curer of disease stems from medical skill and how much comes from his command of magic and healing rituals.

Free Essays on Economics

Methods of Speech Delivery Good speech delivery presents the speaker’s ideas in an interesting and clear manor. Speech delivery is the most important part of speech preparation because it is the actual moment when the speaker gets to set out their ideas and information to their audience. Methods of speech delivery are the ways that one can present or deliver their speech. The four methods are: reading from a manuscript, reciting from memorized text, improvised speaking, and speaking extemporaneously. At times it is vital that speeches are read word for word from a previously constructed manuscript. This is the first method of delivery: Reading from a Manuscript. An example of this is the President of the United States delivering his State of the Union Address. The President must read from gathered notes and such to ensure that all vital information is given to the American People. Reading from a manuscript also comes in handy when on a time limit. By reading word for word, the speaker knows exactly how long their speech will last. One must make sure to sound vibrant and natural. The idea is to make the audience think you are speaking to them not reading. Reciting from memory is self-explanatory. This method of speaking requires a speaker to deliver their speech entirely from memory. A best man at a wedding may have written out a speech but his actual speech is based on what he remembers from his written version. The most difficult aspect of speaking strictly from memory is to memorize it efficiently. If the speech is not, then it will appear as if the speaker is more distracted by trying to remember rather than communicating with the audience. When thinking of speaking impromptu, just think of the television show â€Å"Who’s Line is it Anyway?† The program is based on improv skits preformed by comedians, think of this delivery as improve speaking. This method requires quick thinking and confidence. The speaker must refrai... Free Essays on Economics Free Essays on Economics Methods of Speech Delivery Good speech delivery presents the speaker’s ideas in an interesting and clear manor. Speech delivery is the most important part of speech preparation because it is the actual moment when the speaker gets to set out their ideas and information to their audience. Methods of speech delivery are the ways that one can present or deliver their speech. The four methods are: reading from a manuscript, reciting from memorized text, improvised speaking, and speaking extemporaneously. At times it is vital that speeches are read word for word from a previously constructed manuscript. This is the first method of delivery: Reading from a Manuscript. An example of this is the President of the United States delivering his State of the Union Address. The President must read from gathered notes and such to ensure that all vital information is given to the American People. Reading from a manuscript also comes in handy when on a time limit. By reading word for word, the speaker knows exactly how long their speech will last. One must make sure to sound vibrant and natural. The idea is to make the audience think you are speaking to them not reading. Reciting from memory is self-explanatory. This method of speaking requires a speaker to deliver their speech entirely from memory. A best man at a wedding may have written out a speech but his actual speech is based on what he remembers from his written version. The most difficult aspect of speaking strictly from memory is to memorize it efficiently. If the speech is not, then it will appear as if the speaker is more distracted by trying to remember rather than communicating with the audience. When thinking of speaking impromptu, just think of the television show â€Å"Who’s Line is it Anyway?† The program is based on improv skits preformed by comedians, think of this delivery as improve speaking. This method requires quick thinking and confidence. The speaker must refrai...

Marian Anderson Speech Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marian Anderson Speech - Coursework Example One of them includes in 1939, when the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused to allow me to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. (Brite, 2009) On August 28th, 1963, more than 250,000 people from across the United States gathered in Washington DC to join in peaceful protest against racial segregation and demanded equal rights legislation from Congress. (â€Å"We shall overcome†, n.d.) This can be considered as the most important events that occurred with the African-Americans on Easter weekend. I climbed the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to give a free concert. (Holland 2009, p.35) It was so effective, that four years later the DAR formally apologized and invited me to perform at Constitution Hall. (Holland 2009, p.35) I was on highs with the crowd who participated for the Civil Rights Movement. In the same event Martin Luther King Jr gave out the speech .It was evident that he wanted to make the crowd aware of their present scenarios and the inequalities that are prevailing all across the United Nations. His speech I have a Dream for jobs and freedom was one of the most powerful, influential and historically important speeches of its time. (Holland 2009, p.35) The way he started the speech was with eloquence and with the strategy of a politician. It was an electrifying speech. The people found it related to the experiences that they were going through. When the leader of the movement stands in support of their civil rights and motivate them towards the freedom, then we can see the revolution that takes place in an effective manner. He emphasized on the phrases in the beginning of the sentences like the â€Å"One hundred years later†, â€Å"Let freedom ring† and so forth. The repetition of â€Å"Let freedom ring† was first delivered by the black pastor Archibald Carey to the Republican National Convention in 1952.( Tuck 2010,p.318)The intention of using this phrase is to make the speech

Palestenian Civil Socity Fundings Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Palestenian Civil Socity Fundings - Term Paper Example This has resulted into the humanitarian crisis in the region that has led to the increase of the plethora of the civil societies and the NGOs witnessed today. Background and introduction to Palestinian Civil Society Movement Civil society movement started in the early 1920s in Palestine and the most eminent organization then included Labour Unions of the Islam and the Christians, Women’s organizations, and youth clubs, all were concentrated on the national issues. Coming to 1930, six other societies added onto the list of the three main organizations. Their main grievances were the mandate that was given to the British that allowed the sentiment of the Jews in the Arab land. It is however notable that between the years 1948 and 1964, the civil society movement in Palestine severely dispersed, and only a few NGOs remained within the Palestine boarders.1 The Palestinians in other countries had no option but to join local NGOs in whichever place they are and later used those loca l organizations to form formidable national Palestinian NGOs, Palestinian General Federation of Student is one such typical having established in the 1959 outside Palestine but later had a national outlook to push for the Palestinian agenda. The civil societies in Palestine faced several challenges that forced them to operate in coverts following the influences of some major international powers that thwarted the development of a strong civil movement in Palestine. For instance, the Egyptians suppressed the Palestinian Communist Party of Gaza, Arab, Nationalist Ba’ath Party, and the several braches of the Muslim Brotherhood that operated secretly in the West Bank. During this period, Gaza was under the control of Egypt while Jordan was considered for the West Bank management; these countries ensured that there is no civil movement in their areas of dominance. The needs to suppress the civil movement in Palestine were manifested when Egypt dissolved the in 1948 the Palestine N ational Council that was meant to operate in Gaza. The perfection of the need to inhibit civil movement in Palestine can be construed when in 1963 following the Gaza elections for the Palestine Legislative Council, there were no civil societies allowed to operate in West Bank except for those that demonstrated non-political activities and charities. Those that were considered must have established a federation in 1958; they also had to conform to the Jordanian law, with approval of every undertaken activity.2 From 1964, PLO started to lead the civil societies, which were in different faction and got concerned about youth organizations and voluntary works while operating outside the country of Palestine. Between 1970s and 80s, the focus was shifted to health and education, it should therefore be noted that most of the civil organization in Palestine between 1960s and 80s concentrated on services and relief with no reference to development. The development and human rights idea only c ame after the first intifada. The PLO led organizations grew ineffective in the 1990s and paved ways for the emergence of the intifada. This has led to the progressive development of the civil society in the country to date advocating and agitating for change in almost all spheres. The

A research paper on the interpersonal communication topic 'Nonverbal Essay

A research paper on the interpersonal communication topic 'Nonverbal Communication' - Essay Example For thousands of years, mankind has used wordless messages to communicate thoughts, attitudes, ideas and emotions: by using gestures, posture, facial expressions, sounds and symbols, but research on this area of interpersonal communication is a comparatively new development.(Calero p.2). Scholars from the communication field have since earlier times, emphasized the need for an integrative approach towards the study of nonverbal behavior, along with verbal communication, whenever applicable. Especially in verbal communication, the nonverbal aspect of the interaction is taken into consideration. (Knapp, Weimann and Daly p.272) strengthen this view-point: â€Å"verbal and non-verbal behavior are unquestionably part and parcel of the same overall system of communication†, and separating them would result in artificiality and potential distortion of the interaction. Influences on Nonverbal Communication: According to Mary Ritchie Key, both verbal and nonverbal communication can be seen as a means of establishing self and developing a self-image in order to cope with relationships. One has to validate oneself before one can relate to others in the social paradigm.(p.4). Anderson states that the process of communicating warmth or intimacy to one another is the most central function of nonverbal communication in human interaction. The exchange of harmonious messages is of importance across a variety of relationships and contexts.(Eds. Siegman, Feldstein p.1). encodes a behavioral reaction. However, the primary emphasis of research on nonverbal communication is on explaining and predicting the encoding of behavior. Patterson reveals that the encoding and decoding processes are in a single system, driven by a common set of determinants and mediating processes. (Eds. Palmer, Barnett p.10). Harrison and Knapp (p.345) reiterate that three important aspects of nonverbal communication are: 1) A socially shared

Exploring The Chemistry Of Textiles Chemistry Essay

Exploring The Chemistry Of Textiles Chemistry Essay Textile chemistry is primarily an applied form of chemistry. It is a highly specialized field that applies the principles of the basic fields of chemistry to the understanding of textile materials and to their functional and esthetic modification into useful and desirable items. Textile materials are used in clothing, carpet, tire yarn, sewing thread, and air bags. Some textile chemists are less oriented toward manufacturing processes and more focused toward fiber technologies. The study of textile chemistry begins with the knowledge of fibers themselves-both natural and synthetic. Because synthetic fibers are such an important part of todays textile business, the field includes many who are trained as polymer chemists. The interaction between textile chemistry and materials science is also increasing. Textile chemistry includes the application of the principles of surface chemistry to cleaning processes and modifications such as dyeing and finishing. It relates organic chemistry in the synthesis and formulation of the products used in these processes. 2. is dynamic Traditionally, textile chemists have been trained to have an in-depth understanding of the structure and properties of natural and synthetic fibers, says Norman Nemerov, professor of chemistry at the Philadelphia College of Textiles and Sciences. They have also been taught the post-treatment chemistries, which impart properties such as dye ability, wash freshness, and permanent press. But today there are new demands, such as recyclability. One thing were looking at is how to make fibers degradable over time, he says. And, in a relatively new area called biotextiles, fibers are being developed for drug delivery systems, Nemorov adds. Weaving, dyeing, and finishing cloth is an ancient art, but its also a modern science, says Fred Miller, vice president of Hickory Dyeing and Winding Company. Jim Hammond, a senior research associate in nylon research and development at Dupont, comments, I often say that if I took a two-year trip around the world, my knowledge would be obsolete by the time I came back. Miller said, The field is exciting because theres still so much to know and to learn. After many years in the business, both Hammond and Miller still find their work creative and intellectually challenging. 3. Brings older technology up to date While new technology abounds, the most commonly used fibers have been around for a long time. But, chemists working with these materials are often focused on modifying them for new applications. Sushma Kitchloo, a polymer chemist at Globe Manufacturing, is responsible for new product development and troubleshoots problems associated with modification of polymers Millers expertise is in the interaction between fibers and the dyes that give them color and luster. Modifying traditional polymers requires adjusting the chemical processes for downstream functions, such as dyeing the fiber. 4. is tangible In textiles, you are working with something you can hold and feel. says Ehrhardt. The skill set for this field includes understanding process manufacturing, being familiar with physical testing of fibers, having knowledge of weaving and knitting, and understanding the evolution of a product through garment form. Specializing in the field of textile chemistry can provide opportunities for dynamic and creative applications of chemistry. A textile chemist relates knowledge of the organic structures of both fibers and the chemicals used to modify them to specific chemical, physical, and esthetic properties. The combination of the theoretical and the practical makes possible the development of the thousands of textile chemicals necessary for the production of the finished articles of commerce. Textile:- Textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw wool fibres, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or pressing fibres together . The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres. Fabric refers to any material made through weaving, knitting, crocheting, or bonding. Cloth refers to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for a purpose such as covering a bed. Textile Chemistry Terminology Performance fabrics offer special benefits to consumers, such as stain-repellency, wrinkle-resistance, or odor-control. New technologies are launched every year. CCRC is committed to keeping ahead of the technology curve, assuring that consumers will be satisfied with the home care of the fabrics, as well as performance. Antimicrobial Agent (AM) A chemical compound either destroys or inhibits the growth of microscopic and submicroscopic organisms. Flame Resistant (FR) The characteristic of a fabric to resist ignition and to self extinguish if ignited. Flammability The ability of a material or product to burn with a flame under specified test conditions. Hydrophilic Water loving; having a high degree of moisture absorption or attraction. Hydrophobic Water repelling; having a low degree of moisture absorption or attraction. Resiliency Ability of a fabric to return to its original shape after compressing, bending or other deformation. Reusable Protective Clothing Garments which are capable of withstanding a maintenance procedure to remove soil and other contaminants yet retain the garments protective characteristic. Stoll Curve Developed by Alice Stoll in 1960s it is used in many tests to predict the thermal protective performance of textile materials for FR apparel. It is essentially a plot of thermal energy and time predicted to cause a pain sensation, or a second degree burn, in human tissue. Waterproof Ability of a fabric to be fully resistant to penetration by water. Example: rain coat. History Late antique textile, Egyptian, now in the Dumbarton Oaks collection. The production of textiles is an important craft, whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. However, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods. Incans have been crafting quipus (or khipus) made of fibres either from a protein, such as spun and plied thread like wool or hair from camelids such as alpacas, llamas and camels or from a cellulose like cotton for thousands of years. Khipus are a series of knots along pieces of string. They have been believed to only have acted as a form of accounting, although new evidence conducted by Harvard professor, Gary Urton, indicates there may be more to the khipu than just numbers. Preservation of khipus found in museum and archive collections follow general textile preservation principles and practice. Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewelry. Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in construction. Sources and types [Traditional Romanian fabric] Textiles can be made from many materials. These materials come from four main sources: animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral sources. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas. The relative thickness of fibres in cloth is measured in deniers. Microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier. Animal textiles Animal textiles are commonly made from hair or fur. Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with an oil known as lanolin, which is waterproof and dirtproof. Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn which is spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel. Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, vicuà ±a wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit. Wadmal is a coarse cloth made of wool, produced in Scandinavia, mostly 1000~1500CE. Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm. This is spun into a smooth, shiny fabric prized for its sleek texture. Silk Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibres triangular prism-like structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles. Silk is also the strongest natural fiber known to man. The length of the silk fiber depends on how it has been prepared. Since the cocoon is made of one strand, if the cocoon is unwound carefully the fibers can be very long. Wool Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep, but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats, alpacas, and rabbits may also be called wool. Alpaca Alpaca fiber is that of an alpaca. It is warmer than sheeps wool and lighter in weight. It is soft, fine, glossy, and luxurious. The thickness of quality fiber is between 12-29 micrometres. Most alpaca fiber is white, but it also comes in various shades of brown and black. Angora Angora wool or Angora fiber refers to the downy coat produced by the Angora rabbit. Angora is prized for its softness, thin fibers of around 12-16 micrometres for quality fiber, and what knitters refer to as a halo (fluffiness). The fiber felts very easily. Angora fiber comes in white, black, and various shades of brown. Cashmere Cashmere wool is wool obtained from the Cashmere goat. Cashmere is characterized by its luxuriously soft fibers, with high napability and loft. In order for a natural goat fiber to be considered Cashmere, it must be under 18.5 micrometers in diameter and be at least 3.175 centimeters long. It is noted as providing a natural light-weight insulation without bulk. Fibers are highly adaptable and are easily constructed into fine or thick yarns, and light to heavy-weight fabrics. Sheeps wool Wool has two qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it has scales which overlap like shingles on a roof and it is crimped; in some fleeces the wool fibers have more than 20 bends per inch. Wool varies in diameter from below 17 micrometres to over 35 micrometres The finer the wool, the softer it will be, while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling. Plant textiles Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making rope. In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibres from the plant are utilized. Coir (coconut fibre) is used in making twine, and also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles, and sacking. Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is kapok. Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper. Cotton, flax, jute, hemp and modal are all used in clothing. Pià ±a (pineapple fibre) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fabrics such as cotton. Acetate is used to increase the shininess of certain fabrics such as silks, velvets, and taffetas. Seaweed is used in the production of textiles. A water-soluble fibre known as alginate is produced and is used as a holding fibre; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area Tencel is a man-made fabric derived from wood pulp. It is often described as a man-made silk equivalent and is a tough fabric which is often blended with other fabrics cotton for example. Mineral textiles or vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, transite panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets. Glass Fibre is used in the production of spacesuits, ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewelry. Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in construction. Synthetic textiles [A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave cotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton.] All synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing. Polyester fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton. Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armor. Acrylic is a fibre used to imitate wools, including cashmere, and is often used in replacement of them. Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in rope and outdoor clothing. Nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, so that peptide bonds form at both ends of each monomer in a process analogous to polypeptide biopolymers. Chemical elements included are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. . The most common variant is nylon 6-6 which refers to the fact that the diamine (hexamethylene diamine) and the diacid (adipic acid) each donate 6 carbons to the polymer chain. Spandex (trade name Lycra) is a polyurethane fibre that stretches easily and can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make activewear, bras, and swimsuits. Olefin fibre is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name Tyvek. Ingeo is a polylactide fibre blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiration The most common types of microfibers are made from polyesters, polyamides (nylon), and or a conjugation of polyester and polyamide.The shape, size and combinations of synthetic fibers are selected for specific characteristics, including: softness, durability, absorption, wicking abilities, water repellency, electrodynamics, and filtering capabilities. Names Characteristics Major Domestic and Industrial Uses ACETATE Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast-drying Shrink-, moth-, and mildew-resistant Apparel: Blouses, dresses, and foundation garments. lingerie, linings, shirts, slacks, sportswear. Fabrics: Brocade, crepe, double knits, faille, knitted jerseys, lace, satin, taffeta, tricot. Home Furnishings:Draperies, upholstery. Other:Cigarette filters, fiberfill for pillows, quilted products ACRYLIC Soft and warm Wool-like Retains shape Resilient Quick-drying Resistant to moths, sunlight, oil and chemicals Apparel:Dresses, infant wear, knitted garments, ski wear, socks, sportswear, sweaters. Fabrics:Fleece and pile fabrics, face fabrics in bonded fabrics, simulated furs, jerseys. Home Furnishings:Blankets. carpets, draperies, upholstery. Other:Auto tops, awnings, hand-knitting and craft yarns, industrial and geotextile fabrics. ARAMID Does not melt Highly flame-resistant High strength High resistance to stretch Maintains its shape and form at high temperatures Hot-gas filtration fabrics, protective clothing, military helmets, protective vests, structural composites for aircraft and boats, sailcloth, tires, ropes and cables, mechanical rubber goods, marine and sporting goods. MELAMINE White and dyeable Flame resistance and low thermal conductivity High heat dimensional stability Process able on standard textile equipment Fire Blocking Fabrics:Aircraft seating, fire blockers for upholstered furniture in high-risk occupancies (e.g., to meet California TB 133 requirements) Protective Clothing:Firefightersturnout gear, insulating thermal liners, knit hoods, molten metal splash apparel. NAMES CHARACTERSTICS USES NYLON Exceptionally strong Supple Abrasion-resistant Lustrous Easy to wash Resists damage from oil and many chemicals Resilient Low in moisture absorbency Apparel:Blouses, dresses, foundation garments, hosiery, lingerie and underwear, raincoats, ski and snow apparel, suits, windbreakers. Home Furnishings: Bedspreads, carpets, draperies, curtains, upholstery. Other: Air hoses, conveyor and seat belts, parachutes, racket strings, ropes and nets, sleeping bags, tarpaulins, tents, thread, tire cord, geotextiles. OLEFIN Unique wicking properties that make it very comfortable Abrasion-resistant Quick-drying Resistant to deterioration from chemicals, mildew, perspiration, rot, and weather Sensitive to heat Soil resistant Strong; very lightweight Excellent colorfastness Apparel: Pantyhose, underwear, knitted sports shirts, mens half hose, mens knitted sportswear, sweaters. Home Furnishings:Carpet and carpet backing, slipcovers, upholstery. Other:Dye nets, filter fabrics, laundry and sandbags, geotextiles, automotive interiors, cordage, doll hair, industrial sewing thread. POLYESTER Strong Resistant to stretching and shrinking Resistant to most chemicals Quick-drying Crisp and resilient when wet or dry Wrinkle- and abrasion-resistant Retains heat-set pleats and creases Easy to wash Apparel:Blouses, shirts, career apparel, childrens wear, dresses, half hose, insulated garments, ties, lingerie and underwear, permanent press garments, slacks, suits. Home Furnishings:Carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets and pillow cases. Other:Fiberfill for various products, fire hose, power belting, ropes and nets, tire cord, sail, V-belts. PBI Highly flame resistant Outstanding comfort factor combined with thermal and chemical stability properties Will not burn or melt Low shrinkage, when exposed to flame. Suitable for high-performance protective apparel such as firemens turnout coats, astronaut space suits and applications where fire resistance is important. NAMES CHARACTERISTICS USES RAYON Highly absorbent Soft and comfortable Easy to dye Versatile Good drapability Apparel: Blouses, coats, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery. rainwear, slacks, sports shirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes. Home Furnishings:Bedspreads, blankets, carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets, slipcovers, tablecloths, upholstery. Other: Industrial products, medical, surgical products, non-woven products, tire cord. SPANDEX Can be stretched 500 percent without breaking Can be stretched repeatedly and recover original length Light-weight Stronger and more durable than rubber Resistant to body oils Articles (where stretch is desired):Athletic apparel, bathing suits, delicate laces, foundation garments, golf jackets, ski pants, slacks, support and surgical hose. Production Methods:- Textile Manufacturing:- The manufacture of textiles is one of the oldest of human technologies. In order to make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fibre from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. (Both fibre and fiber are used in this article.) The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, which turns yarn into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. For decoration, the process of colouring yarn or the finished material is dyeing. For more information of the various steps, see textile manufacturing.. Typical textile processing includes 4 stages: yarn formation, fabric formation, wet processing, and fabrication. The three main types of fibers include natural vegetable fibers (such as cotton, linen, jute and hemp), man-made fibers (those made artificially, but from natural raw materials such as rayon, acetate, Modal, cupro, and the more recently developed Lyocell), synthetic fibers (a subset of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals rather than arising from natural chemicals by a purely physical process) and protein based fi 1. Hand processing: yarn formation Wool Flax 2. Machine Processing: yarn formation Cotton Cotton Gin Picking Carding Combining the Slivers Spinning Plying Yucca Leaf to Rolag 3. Hand Processing- Fabric Formation Knitting Crochet Lace Weaving Loom Process 4HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation#Machine_processing:_fabric_formationMachine processing: fabric formation Knitting Lace Weaving 5HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Decoration#Decoration HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Decoration#DecorationDecoration Dyeing 5.2HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Bleaching#Bleaching HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Bleaching#BleachingBleaching 5.3HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Embroidery#Embroidery HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Embroidery#EmbroideryEmbroidery Textile printing Design for a hand woodblock printed textile, showing the complexity of the blocks used to make repeating patterns. Evenlode by William Morris, 1883. Evenlode block-printed fabric. Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fiber, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but, whereas in dyeing proper the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, in printing one or more colours are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns. In printing, wooden blocks, stencils, engraved plates, rollers, or silkscreens are used to place colours on the fabric. Colourants used in printing contain dyes thickened to prevent the colour from spreading by capillary attraction beyond the limits of the pattern or design. Traditional textile printing techniques may be broadly categorised into four styles: Direct printing, in which colourants containing dyes, thickeners, and the mordants or substances necessary for fixing the colour on the cloth are printed in the desired pattern. The printing of a mordant in the desired pattern prior to dyeing cloth; the color adheres only where the mordant was printed. Resist dyeing, in which a wax or other substance is printed onto fabric which is subsequently dyed. The waxed areas do not accept the dye, leaving uncoloured patterns against a coloured ground. Discharge printing, in which a bleaching agent is printed onto previously dyed fabrics to remove some or all of the colour. Resist and discharge techniques were particularly fashionable in the 19th century, as were combination techniques in which indigo resist was used to create blue backgrounds prior to block-printing of other colours. Most modern industrialised printing uses direct printing techniques. Textile recycling Textile recycling is the method of reusing or reprocessing used clothing, fibrous material and clothing scraps from the manufacturing process. Textiles in municipal solid waste are found mainly in discarded clothing, although other sources include furniture, carpets, tires, footwear, and nondurable goods such as sheets and towels. Textiles and leather recycling categories Cotton Recycling Wool Recycling Burlap, Jute and Sisal Recycling Polyurethane Foam Recycling Polyester and Polyester Fiber Recycling Nylon and Nylon Fiber Recycling Other Synthetic Fiber Recycling Carpet Recycling Rags and Wipers Used and Recycled Bags Used Clothing Used Footwear Leather Recycling Textile Recycling Employment Statistics Year Percent of textile recovered in the U.S. 1960 2.8% 1980 6.3% 2005 15.3% Textile preservation Textile preservation refers to the processes by which textiles are cared for and maintained to be preserved from future damage. The field falls under the category of art conservation as well as library preservation, depending on the type of collection. In this case, the concept of textile preservation applies to a wide range of artifacts, including tapestries, carpets, quilts, clothing, flags and curtains, as well as objects which contain textiles, such as upholstered furniture, dolls, and accessories such as fans, parasols, gloves and hats or bonnets. Many of these artifacts require specialized care, often by a professional conservator. Treatments [Embroidered skirts by the Alfaro-Nà ¹Ãƒ ±ez family of Cochas, Peru, using traditional Peruvian embroidery production methods.] Textiles are often dyed, with fabrics available in almost every colour. Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours , adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (embroidery), creating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dye), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. Woodblock printing, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes bleached. In this process, the original colour of the textile is removed by chemicals or exposure to sunlight, turning the textile pale or white. Textiles are sometimes finished by chemical processes to change their characteristics More recently, nanomaterials research has led to additional advancements, with companies such as Nano-Tex and NanoHorizons developing permanent treatments based on metallic nanoparticles for making textiles more resistant to things such as water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Fabric Care Admittedly, laundry is not a beloved chore. The trick is to make clothes care fast and efficient, yet thorough. Poor care shortens the lifespan of apparel. Cutting corners in the laundry room only means spending more time in the dressing room, which wastes both time and money. Science Delivers Smarter Washers and Dryers Consumers seek a lot of performance from their appliances. They want the best possible clothing care in the least amount of time. Some people want precise control over each load, college students just want to pack as much into each load and get the chore done quickly. Engineering advancements have reduced energy and water consumption while improving clothing care from washers and dryers. CCRC studies emerging equipment technologies to evaluate their impact on fabric care and wash chemistries. Using a variety of instruments, Over by can determine what kind of finish was used on a fabric, how much was applied, the fiber content of a fabric, and the effects that these and any number of other factors might have had on a sample. More often than not, Over by can offer specific reasons for a diversity of problems. Uses Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and containers such as bags and baskets. In the household, they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, covering for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art. In the workplace, they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include flags, backpacks, tents, nets, cleaning devices, such as handkerchiefs; transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes; strengthening in composite materials such as fibre glass and industrial geotextiles, and smaller cloths are used in washing by soaping up the cloth and washing with it rather than using just soap. Textiles used for industrial purposes, and chosen for characteristics other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), a

How George Eliot Presents the Role of Fatherhood in Silas Marner Essay

How George Eliot Presents the Role of Fatherhood in Silas Marner The novel Silas Marner is about a man who loses everything in his old hometown Lantern Yard, to the hands of his friend. He moves to a village called Raveloe which he stays at for 15 years. Being a weaver for so long, Marner has made himself a very small fortune, which becomes his life. When it is stolen by one of the other villagers, Silas feels he has once again lost everything until he finds a small girl which he names Eppie. The bond between these two characters is an essential part of the novel as it brings out a key theme in the novel which is fatherhood. In the novel itself, there are many fathers, some of which we do not see much of. The main fathers happen to be Squire Cass, his son Godfrey, Ben Winthrop, Mr Lammeter and later on, Silas Marner. There is much distinction between these characters and the one that sticks out the most is perhaps Godfrey Cass. Godfrey is a young man who was seemingly forced to marrying some drug taking vagrant after making her pregnant, this fact is of course his...

Project How Iim Students Improve Their Career

Two IIM-A grads shun Rs 1-cr offer AHMEDABAD: Declining pre-placement offers is nothing new for students of Indian Institute of Management-Ahmedabad, but declining the highest offers ever made in the institute has raised more than a few eyebrows. Two of the six second-year post-graduate programme students of IIM-Ahmedabad who were offered the position of associates by Deutsche Bank, declined it despite their salaries, in rupee terms, was more than Rs 1 crore. Debashish Chakravarty, one of the two students who refused the offer said, â€Å"I declined the offer because I wanted to be on my own. The challenge of entrepreneurship was more exciting for him than taking up a cushy job. â€Å"Three other classmates and I have planned to start our own business. We plan to start production and retailing of women's lingerie,† said Chakravarty, who was serving in the Army before taking voluntary retirement. Vineeta Singh, who too rejected the Deutsche Bank offer will be joining Chakravar ty, along with Bhushan Dabir and Vishal Prabhu Khan-olkar. â€Å"We did a detailed market research on women's lingerie and found huge customer dissatisfaction. We have a business plan ready,† said Chakravarty. The financing of the project is being negotiated with venture capitalists and if everything goes as per plan we hope to be in the market with our product by next year,† Chakravarty said. Source: http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/articleshow/968988. cms IIM-A alumni run online CAT coaching Though the country’s six Indian Institutes of Management’s Admission Group have decided to make their Common Admission Test (CAT) online from next year, four alumni of IIM Ahmedabad have managed to beat their alma mater in the Net game. Four students of the Post-Graduate Diploma in Business Management, who opted ut of the placement process in 2007, already have a Website that imparts online coaching for CAT. The foursome, Vineeta Singh, Bhusan Davir, Vishal Prabh ukhanolkar and Debashish Chakravarty, were in the news in 2007 for spurning high-paying job offers, to start a venture to manufacture a new range of lingerie. Though this new venture did not take off, they started a Website,www. tenaday. co. in, which provides online coaching for CAT. The venture currently has about 29,000 registered users, Prabhukhanolkar told the Hindustan Times on Tuesday. Presently, the venture is the only online CAT coaching portal in the country.Asked about what made them start an online CAT coaching site, Prabhukhanolkar said that the logistics of the admission examination was becoming a nightmare, due to the growing number of aspirants every year. â€Å"It was soon becoming imperative for the exam to go online some day,† he added. The online examination would be much easier to mange than the current system, Prabhukhanolkar said. An IIM-A source confirmed that the online examination would cut down administrative costs, involving people travelling to pl aces, and sending papers all over the country, with risks of leaks.The conventional examination can be conducted from a limited number centers while the online tests can be taken from anywhere. Source: http://www. hindustantimes. com/IIM-A-alumni-run-online-CAT-coaching/Article1-295258. aspx Past students return to IIM-A to recruit The Indian Institutes of Management are globally renowned as transformers of bright young students into enterprising adults capable of promoting, running and leading their businesses to success at world level. There have been several examples of IIM Alumni who have succeeded in India and abroad.Graduating students from IIMs often find themselves being offered multiple job postings at top-dollar salaries. While most students opt for such high-profile placements there are few who go ahead and promote their own enterprises. Here are four young alumni from the highly rated  Indian Institute of Management-Ahmedabad  (IIM-A) who passed out in 2007 and promo ted their own dotcom company who are  returning to the campus, this time to recruit. When they rejected their placement offerings of Rs. 80 lakh – one crore salary packages people were surprised, but the team was confident of breaking out into the market and making it big.And now the proof of the pudding is in the fact that they are back in the campus recruiting. They want highly talented, enthusiastic and hardworking business savvy IIM-A grads to take their company to new heights. The quartet include  Vishal Prabhukhanolkar,  Bhusan Davir,  Vineeta Singh  and  Debashish Chakravarty  who grouped together to promote ‘ten-a-day’, an online website which offers coaching for the CAT examination, the gateway to the IIMs and several other B-Schools in India. The venture operational online @  www. tenaday. co. in, has attracted over 22,000 fully registered users in just a year since promotion.According to the promoters the ventue needs more heads to make it big and none but IIM alumni will do. In less than a year the  website  has become the largest online CAT training and education preparation platform. The  modus operandi  of the website is simple, registered students are required to answer just 10 questions every day and generates a daily percentile rankings of the student. This is one way to monitor the students progress on a daily basis. This will enable students to know where they are lacking and work on the areas in which they are weak. The explanations and ten questions a day are free.But the detailed analyses of the answers and rankings and advising students on the areas they need to work to succeed in CAT are charged. Fees range from Rs. 210 onwards and is very affordable compared to other institutes across the country whose courses are priced anywhere between Rs. 5,000-14,000 for similar services. The annual CAT entrance test is written by nearly two lakh students every year. This number is poised to grow to six lakh in the next three years and sounds fantastic business opportunity for those who offer quality and effective training to students desirous of getting the coveted IIM seats.Tags:  CAT,  entrance test,  IIM,  website,  coaching,  online education,  Business Source : http://www. hellocompany. org/entry/past-students-return-to-iim-a-to-recruit/ It's raining money at the IIMs! Gaurav Dagaonkar passed out of IIM last year and instead of dancing to his employer's tune he decided to sing his own song. He opted out of placements to become a full time singer. A year later, he's giving the same advice to his juniors. Dagaonkar says, â€Å"It is essential for a person to start off as early as possible, So, that within two years you start networking with the right kind of people – you have people in place and you become confident. But everyone doesn't seem to agree. Ram Ganesh Aiyer passed out of IIM-A in 2004 but instead of starting off on his own, he worked for a cons ultancy firm for two years before starting off on his own and he recommends the same for his juniors. He explains, â€Å"It is good idea for students to have corporate exposure before starting on their own. Some reasons being, it helps to get more experience in the real world as against case studies that we do in these schools. † JOB ACCEPTANCE IN IIM-A Finance –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  44% Consulting – 30% Marketing –   8% Operations  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 5% IT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4% Strategy –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3%Others –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6%| | A recent trend suggests that the number of IIM graduates daring to start their own ventures is on a rise. While eight students opted out of placements from IIM-A last year, it's still early in the process. Sources say more than two dozen students presented theirbusiness ideas  to venture capitalists last month. With an entrepreurial fair, that wa s organized on campus for the first time, IIM-A is also encouraging students by allowing their former students (who have passed out over two years ago only) to participate in their placements. The trend is catching up in other IIMs as well.So, does  money  make the world go round? Well, IIM graduates this year proved otherwise. In an unprecedented trend, IIM students are turning down offers worth crores of rupees. To talk about the IIM placement quirks, here's what Debashish Chakravarty from IIM-Ahmedabad has to say. Debashish turned down a jaw-dropping one crore offer and plans to start a lingerie business. Also, discussing this issue of why IIM graduates are not tempted by hefty offers are IIM-Bangalore Professor Saurav Mukherjee and Partner at an human resources firm, Redilion, Vikram Bhardwaj. Excerpts from an interview given to CNBC-TV18Q: What was your motivation to opt out of placements and become an entrepreneur? Chakravarty: I have neither been an entrepreneur nor worke d in the corporate world. I was a major in the Indian army before joining this institute and coming here and learning a lot about management. I thought the most challenging future I could ever have was entrepreneurship – ie. building something of my own and getting a job wasn’t such an exciting idea but building a company, hiring people, doing something fruitful, I thought this was much more challenging and interesting, that is why I opted out of placements.Q: Are we seeing a similar trend in Bangalore? Mukherji: Last year, we had one student who decided to take the plunge but this year none of students as far as I know have walked out of placement, to have a start up of their own. So, I haven’t seen it as a trend in IIM-Bangalore and if anyone asks for my advice on choice – whether to start up their own company versus going through the placement process, and especially if the student is a fresher or relatively low in experience – then I would advi ce them to go and join an industry first, build up their network and gain experience and then be an entrepreneur.Q: You have been helping people to get into the corporate world, is it a pipe dream to become an entrepreneur immediately, or would you advice taking up a job? Bhardwaj: The aspirants from MBA institutes are realizing that despite high salaries, they are the first ones to be laid off if the environment changes in high volatile businesses like i-banking, and so they don’t mind setting this aside as a trade-off, against working independently.Q: IIM -Ahmedabad has promised this year that entrepreneurs like you, who for some reason, if your business doesn’t take off as expected in two years time, then you can once again opt for the placement process and join your juniors? Chakravarty: Yes, it is a good offer that the institute has come up with and it does offer reassurance to a candidate, who is still on edge, deciding on entrepreneurship and taking up a job. Ri ght now, in our batch, we have 11 students including freshers who are going into entrepreneurship and that is nearly 5% of the batch, and it is a strong rising trend. NEW RECRUITERS AT IIM-CING Optiver CIC International Bain & Co Value Partner(IIM-C: Highest international salary offered in 2006: $1,52,000)| | Q: How hard is it for people to get the cream of the talent from these campuses? Bhardwaj: It is getting harder by the day and Indian companies cannot even match the deep pockets, which global firms have and increasingly these MBA hirings are driven at a global level. So, they don’t mind paying a slight premium over what a  Wharton MBAwould get to an IIM graduate. It's not only the paypackets grabbed by IIM graduates that's increasing but also their entrepreneurial spirit.The placement process is not yet over but experts say that the number of students who opted out of placements to start off on their own, will definitely be the highest this year than ever before. FLOC KING TO IIM-B – 90 firms participated – Consultancies comprise 32% – Non-bank finance firms comprise 32% –  Marketing firms  comprise 14% – Overseas offers made: 60 – Sun Group offers Deepak Goyal VP position – Arcelor Mittal offers 2 GM posts in Trinidad Source: http://www. moneycontrol. com/news/business/its-raining-money-atiims_271556. htm

Affordable Birth Control in America Essay

Affordable Birth Control in America Essay Affordable Birth Control Methodologies in America Sociology Essay Sample Affordable Birth Control Methodologies in America Sociology Essay Sample Affordable Birth Control for All The paper describes a considerable issue of American society reflected in a great number of unintended pregnancies. Young unmarried women have the highest rates of unwanted and mistimed pregnancies. In majority of cases these pregnancies lead to abortions and facilitate numerous physical and psychological issues. All these problems can be avoided through the use of affordable birth control methodologies (the use of condoms, hormonal intrauterine devices, pills, special rings, etc.). These methodologies have both positive and negative sides. On the one hand, they can increase promiscuousness of the youth and risk of sexually transmitted diseases. On the other, they will prevent overpopulation and lower governmental expenses, enable family planning, improve mother and child’s health, and decrease teen abortions. Discussions provided in this paper support the idea that affordable birth control methods will have positive impact on a family, community of the United States of America, and the nation in general. This essay will provide an analysis of statistical information concerning the amount of unintended pregnancies on the territory of the USA. These pregnancies could be prevented by the use of numerous affordable birth control methodologies (for example, the use of contraceptives). Both positive and negative sides of using affordable birth control methodologies will be discussed below. Much attention will be paid to the pregnancy prevention among young women. All discussions will be supported by statistical information from different sources. Nowadays a considerable amount of pregnancies are unintended. There are two types of unintended pregnancies: Mistimed pregnancies are pregnancies, which happen in the time period when women do not want to become pregnant but they plan pregnancy in future. If women did not planned to become pregnant at all (even in future), their pregnancies are considered unwanted. According to the official statistics, only 20 per cent of pregnancies are intended in the USA, 31 per cent of them are mistimed, and 49 per cent are unwanted (Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education, 2015). So, more than 6 million women do not want to become pregnant each year. It is notable that the majority of these women have low income (13.7 per cent), they are a minority (9.2 per cent of black women), women without high school degree (10.1 per cent) or cohabiting (Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education, 2015). The number of unintended pregnancies depends greatly on the age of women. Sexually ac tive teenagers have considerably higher rate of unintended pregnancies than sexually active women of the older age. Proportion of young pregnant women who did not wanted to become pregnant increased on about 10 per cent for the last 20 years (Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education , 2015). Statistical information concerning distribution of unintended pregnancies by mother’s age is presented in the table 1 (Mosher, Jones, Abma, Division of Vital Statistics, 2012). Figures in this table show that women at the age from 15 to 19 years old have considerably higher rate of unintended pregnancies. It is notable that more than 75 per cent of these pregnancies are mistimed, which means that the majority of these women wanted to become pregnant in future. It is noteworthy that number of unintended pregnancies is also dependent on the marital status of women. This statement is supported by figures in the table 2 (Mosher et al., 2012). Figures in this table show that unmarried and not cohabiting women represent the highest rate of pregnant women whose pregnancy is unwanted and mistimed. Unmarried and not cohabiting pregnant women from 15 to 24 years old have the highest rate of unintended pregnancies. Married pregnant women from 24 to 44 years old have the lowest rate of unintended pregnancies. The relevant information is presented in the table 3 (Mosher et al., 2012). Existing medical programs provide help to young women. According to the official statistics, about 68 per cent of expenses on unplanned birth were covered by different public insurance programs, for example, Medicaid (Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education, 2015). This figure is different in different states. The highest rates of unplanned birth covered by public insurance programs are in the District of Columbia (more than 80 per cent) and in Mississippi (more than 70 per cent) (Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education, 2015). Both federal and governmental structures are involved in financing of unintended pregnancies. For example, 70 per cent of this financing (about $14 billion) was provided by federal programs, and about 30 per cent of this financing (about $ 6 billion) was provided by state programs (Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education, 2015). Title X is one of federal programs directed on the improvement of family planning and minimization of unintended pregnancies. In the previous year, more than 1 million of unintended pregnancies and 34 per cent of abortions in the country were avoided due to this program (State Facts about Title X and Family Planning: California, 2014). Also, Title X provides financial support to low income women. Women, Infants and Children program is one more family planning program that provides help in planning of child birth and avoiding unplanned pregnancies in the USA. The primary goal of the above mentioned programs is to provide family planning support, improve people’s physical and mental health, and minimize abortions. It should be noted that abortion rate increased for about 5 per cent for the last 7 years, while unintended pregnancies in about 60 per cent of cases have ended by abortions (Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education, 2015). Most women consciously put themselves at a risk by not using contraceptives or â€Å"who are using them inconsistently, represent one-third of all women at risk of unintended pregnancy and account for 95% of the three million unintended pregnancies that occur every year† (State Facts about Title X and Family Planning: California, 2014). These women have insufficient understanding of importance of birth planning and negative consequences of unplanned pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancy can be prevented by a great variety of options: condo ms, hormonal intrauterine device, pills, special rings, etc. The main advantage of these options is that they can be used by women of different ages, income, and marital status. These options are readily available all over the country. Most of them have almost 100 per cent effectiveness of pregnancy prevention. Description of these options and methods and their negative and positive sides should be provided by state and federal organizations through specially developed programs. Counter-Argument Despite the above-mentioned advantages of numerous birth control options, they still have some disadvantages. The great variety of low-cost contraceptives can lead to the riskier sexual behavior of youth. Margaret Brown in her work Public health and contraception (2006) stated the following idea: â€Å"contra-contraception movement is based primarily on religiously-inspired concerns that access to contraception of any form promotes promiscuity and free sexual expression outside marriage†. Moreover, the majority of contraceptives (spermicides, female dependent barriers, hormonal contraceptives, etc.) do not provide total protection against sexually transmitted diseases. For example, the use of spermicides leads to the decrease of the possibility of gonorrhea infection only by about twenty five per cent, and cervical chlamydia by about twenty two per cent; female dependent barriers grant low rate of protection against candidiasis (Sanghvi, n.d.). Also, some women cannot use cont raceptives because of different health conditions like history of blood clots, migraine headaches, endometrial cancer, and many others. For example, women who have diabetes related diseases should not take contraceptive pills. Birth Control Helps the Nation to Be Stronger Economically Efficient family planning, decreasing the rate of unintended pregnancy, and lowering the rate of abortion provide such a benefit as decreasing of additional governmental expenses. According to official studies, â€Å"public funding for contraceptive services in 2010 resulted in net public savings of $10.5 billion, or $5.68 for every dollar spent providing contraceptive care† (Frost, Zolna, Frohwirth, 2013). Instead of granting health care services to women with unintended pregnancy, the government can direct this finance on other spheres of social life, for example, education. Moreover, family planning prevents the nation from overpopulation. The decrease of the rate of unintended pregnancy will lead to the decrease of the rate of birth of unwished children who cannot be economically supported by their families and government. These children will not be able to obtain sufficient health care, education, job, and place or relevant position in the society. Birth control helps to minimize these issues. Birth Control Helps in Family Planning Birth control helps young couples to plan the number of children. Application of different contraceptive methods enables people to attain the desired number of children and state spacing between pregnancies. A couple determines whether its financial position and relations are strong enough for having one more child. It is notable that about 10 per cent of women who planned their pregnancies and stopped smoking in 3 months after they become pregnant, have the lower risk of diabetes, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and postpartum depression (by about 5.1 per cent) (Tailor Cabral, 2002). Moreover, â€Å"women whose pregnancies are unintended are less likely to breastfeed† (Tailor Cabral, 2002). All the above mentioned female health problems caused by unintended pregnancy decrease their lives and empowerment, as women feel themselves suppressed and unsatisfied. Also, planned pregnancies enable making some pauses between pregnancies. Pauses of more than 18 months between pregnancies lead to decreasing a possibility of having low weight or premature babies by about 3 per cent (Tailor Cabral, 2002). These pauses also decrease the risk of undeveloped immune system, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, asthma, leukemia, diabetes, and SIDS. Affordable Birth Control Leads to Reduction of Rate of Abortion among the Youth This paper shows that young women have the highest rate of unintended pregnancies and abortions. More than half of teen pregnancies end by abortions (Kost, Henshaw, 2014). The main reasons of abortions are the following: an understanding that having a child will derail reaching of their personal goals; unwillingness to take financial responsibilities; immaturity, etc. Teen abortions lead to numerous personal psychological problems, like severe emotional injures, troubles in future relationships with others, alcohol abuse, suicidal behavior, and self-destruction. Also, young women face a great variety of physical problems after abortion: cervical lacerations, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, infertility, hysterectomy, ectopic pregnancy, higher risk of breast cancer, and other serious complications (Sobie, Reardon, 2001). Clear understanding of the necessity to use contraception and affordable prices on this contraception can lead to a considerable reduction of rates of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies and abortions among young women. Moreover, communication between parents and children concerning sexual activity can provide the above-mentioned understanding and increase sexual safety and awareness of the youth, and improves self-reliance and self-esteem of the youth. According to the official research, a parent-child communication concerning sexual activity leads to increasing the use of condoms during the first intercourse by about 20 per cent (Philliber Research Associates, SRI International – Center for Education Human Services, University of California, San Francisco – Institute for Health Policy Studies, 2003) The current paper provides an understanding that the great amount of unintended pregnancies, especially among the young generation, represents a great issue today. Affordable birth control methodologies can make youth more promiscuous and increase the rate of sexually transmitted diseases. At the same time, they can eliminate numerous psychological and physiological health issues of mothers and children, decrease governmental expenses and reduce teenage abortions. Affordable birth control will have a considerable positive impact on the American society.

Waters Unique Characteristics Essays

Waters Unique Characteristics Essays Waters Unique Characteristics Essay Waters Unique Characteristics Essay Essay Topic: Unique Water, with its unusual bonding to hydrogen, is an invaluable resource to the Earth, wildlife, and the environment. Due to waters hydrogen bonding, it has developed many unique characteristics that many other liquids do not possess. Some of these characteristics are the following: adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. These three characteristics alone allow for the attachment of water to its self and to other molecules for the movement of water it self.Cohesion is the ability of water to attach to itself to move opposite the force of gravity. While adhesion is the ability of water to attach to something other than water molecules, this allows for water to move with out having to have a force behind it. Surface tension is the measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid. Water has an exceptionally high surface tension due to the fact that water molecules are intermixed with air and bonded to other water molecules beneath it; thus, causing an almost invisible shield.Other qualities that water possesses are high specific heat, evaporative cooling, and a high boiling point. A high specific heat means that it takes a longer time for one gram of water to heat up by one degree Celsius. Due to this, water will change its temperature less when it absorbs or loses heat. Evaporative cooling happens because hot molecules leave, or escape into a liquid or gaseous state, before cool ones and thus prevents overheating. Also, another important attribute of waters is its density while in solid and liquid forms. Compared to other liquids, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state.This happens because when the hydrogen bonds are being frozen they bond with four other molecules at an arms length rather than closer to the hydrogen. This allows for the ice, or solid form of water, to be 10% less dense than the liquid stage. However, one of the most important benefactors of water is its universality. It can be used t o dissolve just about any substance. For this reason, solutions have been donned either hydrophobic, water fearing, or hydrophilic, water loving. In these two instances, the solution either can dissolve in water, hydrophilic, or is insoluble in water, hydrophobic.These unique characteristics allow water to be one liquid with its own abilities; however, it is what these abilities allow in nature and in the environment that make water so unique. The purpose of adhesion and cohesion basically has to deal with the watering and nurturing of plant systems. Cohesion is used to pull the water up the stems of plants to the top to nurture; on the other hand, adhesion is used to help keep the water in place even though it is being pulled down by gravity. Another example of how adhesion is used is in the vessels of human blood systems; adhesion is used to pull the blood up versus the strength of gravity.Surface tension is used to allow bugs or other animals to walk across the top of water to al low for escape or for the capture of food. Waters high specific heat allows for it to absorb a large amount of heat without changing its temperature much. This allows for in the summer months, the beaches to be cooled off and in the winter months to be heated up. This also, stabilizes ocean temperature, creating a more stable life for marine life, and it allows for temperature fluctuations on land but keeps the water within limits that permit life.Evaporative cooling of water contributes to the stability of the temperature of the lakes and ponds and also prevents animals, and other mechanisms, from over heating. Evaporative cooling also helps with plant life; it keeps the tissues in the leaves from becoming too warm in the sunlight. Moreover, waters density is a better attribute to the environment. As a solid, waters density is less than when it is a liquid this allows for only the tops of lakes, etc to become frozen rather than the bottoms. If a lake were to freeze from the bottom up, then virtually the whole Earths water system would freeze up in only a matter of time.However, because this does not happen, the frozen layer on top insulates the bottom portion of water and allows for marine life to live during the winter months rather than die. Waters universality, however, is its biggest asset. This characteristic allows water to be an easily accessible lab partner all around the world. Without water as a universal solvent, scientists would have to create a solvent that could potentially cost too much money and only allow for limited experiments. However, because water is cheap, and readily available, scientists have no problem with conducting the experiments they feel are necessary.

Do you think colleges and universities should continue to increase the Essay

Do you think colleges and universities should continue to increase the proportion of online courses (as opposed to tradition face to face classes) - Essay Example With such changes in the education, it is most likely that many people will adopt the online courses. This is due to the immense supply of online courses from different schools in the world. According to Carr (35), millions of people across the globe have decided to enroll for â€Å"Massive Open Online Courses†. This brings the issue of many people having access to education despite the underlying factors. Apparently, the online courses are enhancing the productivity of the education sector as many people have constant access to education. Carr (35) states that online learning has been a factor in the development of the world. Many people that are in remote areas have access to online education. As such, they are enhancing and improving their lives by fostering education. The author notes that some places do not have educational and learning facilities. This limits many people from cessing quality education. However, with the induction of online learning, such people do not need to physically access the learning institutions. For example, many schools that have sufficient resources only admit a limited number of students. This is to limit overcrowding in classes. Similarly, a tutor only needs a limited number of students per each session. For example, a tutor prefers to teach less than 40 students per session. This will enhance concentration ion the needs of each student. However, when the number of students in each class is massive, the tutor will not give all the students enough concentration. This is a limiting fac tor to the quality of education. As a counteraction to such, online learning has gained supremacy. This aspect has improved the accessibility. Apparently, this has also had its setbacks ion online learning. For example, over 16000 students enrolled for online courses in a single class. In essence, this is a massive number for a single class. Though learning is made accessible to many students, the

Impact ofUuninsured Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact ofUuninsured Population - Essay Example Health premiums alone rose threefold over average American incomes during the period 2000 - 04. This was largely the cause of 'under' insurance. A serious concern with Americans today is the possible fall out of being ill or injured in such circumstances. Most of the increase in the uninsured is due to an increase in the adult population to over 8 million equaled by a rise in the uninsured population to about 6 and a half million. About 4 million of this segment is below 200 percent of the poverty level. There are increases in uninsured even among the high income bracket of the population. Moreover, the shift in employment patterns suggests a large number veering toward employment in small size firms or self employment. Major figures for the uninsured or under insured are seen in this segment and most likely the trend will continue. The decline in employer sponsored health coverage will continue and costs of health insurance are far in excess of earnings and will continue to be so. Government intervention through public sponsored initiatives like tax credits or health programs is sure to be hampered by large budget deficits hampering state initiatives. In some states the growth in health care costs even outpaces state incomes. What are the implications in all this, fo... If the costs of health coverage are now being passed on to the individual, how do we widen the net to protect the underinsured and prevent the uninsured from drifting off into total hopelessness Suggested below are three initiatives can start and manage to face the risks from the uninsured population turning its back on us: Profit balanced with growth Product Mix Re-organize Structure (King, 2006) Profit balanced with growth drives the Business The issue - Economies of scale exist in the health care management industry but do not enable low premiums and ensure growth. Promotion of growth actually hampers profits as the issue concerning us is to be able to keep servicing our corporate clients, many of whom are offloading costs to each employee. We need aggressive double digit increases and pursue expansion of enrolments. Profits are important to us as they will help us survive a possible downturn caused by a low premium regime. Our goal would be achieve a premium yield of about 20% which would help us outpace the cost of expansion. This would come through our corporate clients It is suggested we that we prune down our client list to include those who would be able to share these costs. Ultimately, we would benefit from reducing the growing numbers of uninsured and passing off associated costs to those who can afford these. Degree of risk - Growth in enrollment would probably put us for a while in the path of unpredictable developments like rate of inclusion of new clinical technologies which would make costs spiral. This trend could be weathered by us as we have a mix of clients including those who came to us from other providers. This would be more preferable to the present trend of holding premium prices down in order to