Library system Essay Example for Free

Library system Essay Introduction The world of Information Technology transformed and made the life of human beings easier through the innovation of different machines and software applications. Faster and reliable sources have been offered by search engines which are all over the web. But even though this is the case, many schools and universities are still requiring their students to use library materials in their researches and school works. From the statement of purpose, the compute’rized library system: meeting information needs of the people of Saint Michael College of Caraga, Nasipit, Agusan del Norte. Our proposed system, the Saint Michael College of Caraga Library Management System, is a system wherein there is no need of manual library transactions. This will carry out different processes such as searching books, keep records of the books, borrowing of books and return of books. Hence, at present, Saint Michael College of Caraga is maintaining the School Library in a manual basis. Handling bulky records in a manual method is very difficult. And the process of updating could not be done easily and accurately. Likewise, a manual procedure of handling bulky record is very slow and is prone to manual errors. Consequently, it is proposed that Saint Michael College of Caraga shall maintain an electronic data base management system (DBMS) for the purpose of maintaining the records of the School Library for easy, fast and accurate processing and maintenance of these records that will enhance management decisions and for the improvement of its services to all the stakeholders of Saint Michael College of Caraga. Library is regarded as the brain of any institute; many institutes understand the importance of the library to the growth of the institute and their esteem users (students). Library Management System of Saint Michael College of Caraga supports the general requirement of the library like acquisition, cataloguing, circulation that offers many flexible and convenient features, allowing librarians and library users to maximize time and efficiency. Library System gives the all detailed information about students, staff and books. It will track on the how many books available in library and books issued to the students. It shows popular book among the students. It will provide book lost in library. It keeps the record of the suppliers and book binders. It generates MIS reports for management. Our software is customizable for any library requirement. In this chapter we take opportunity to consider changes in the library services, not in terms of minor, short term change in equilibrium of the sort just noted above, but in longer term. There has been continuing concern about the future of the libraries. Given the extent to which the provision used and the libraries are influenced by the social environment, and given possibilities by the use of new information technology; it would be unreasonable to expect libraries to remain  static. But if not, what would be the nature of the change? The issue is not whether there is a change but what will be the change. If we are to make a claim to understand the nature of library services, the surely we ought to have notions, some forecasts, about how library system might change. Purpose and Description In setting up a library, one aspect that should be considered, what are the resources the library has and what are the ways to provide a better service to the students? Well, one of the easiest ways is having a system to organize all the transactions in the library. A library system is software that will handle basic and systematic organization of function in the library. The system would provide basic set of features to add/update student’s information, add/update books information, search for books and manage check-in/check-out processes. In this application we can maintain the records of students and books and enable to determine how many books are issued and likewise determine the available books in the library. The proposed library system will greatly improve the efficiency of the school library. This study has the following hypothesis: The profiles of the respondents taken are their names, Student ID Number, Year and Course, and Title and Author of the Book Borrowed. The manual system is very time consuming, inconvenient when it comes to recording, organizing and retrieving borrower’s record in the log book. There are few solutions but many a times, we making them works by finding ways to work around system inadequacies. Moreover we have limited staff resources, these work around waste time, effort, and skills that should be spent on user services. solutions do not keep up with the technological changes and hence prove to be time wasters. Library Management system is a small footprint software suitable for personal /individual Libraries. You can store the information about the books and other material and control the movement of the same. Silent Features †¢ Control the movement of books and other material and avoid losing the same. †¢ Search if you have a specific book in your collection based on t he title, author etc. †¢ Print the spine labels for the book. †¢ Find what a specific person has borrowed from you. Objectives The main objective of the application is to automate the existing system of manually maintain the records of the Book Issue, Book Return from the student, Stock Maintenance, and Book Search to be computerized. And to develop a database which stores user details and book details, give reliable search facility for the user, create an easy to understand user friendly environment. So the Book Issue, Return, Searching will be faster. This application can be used by any Library to automate the process of manually maintaining the records related to the subject of maintaining the stock  and Book Issues. The general objective of this study is to design and develop a library system that will serve as a proposal to help librarians save time with the automation of its daily operation. Specific Objectives: †¢To computerize records keeping of books; †¢To allow librarians to retrieve complete information of the book and its borrowers. †¢To check the availability of the books and penalties. †¢To search, issue and return of books. †¢It can only be utilized by the librarian Scope and Limitation The study only focuses on the Information Technology Library Management System of  Saint Michael College of Caraga. Without computers, as some libraries are, all of them are dependent on paper work. When compared to computerized systems, data backup and data retrieval systems are inefficient and labor intensive. Users of a paper based system become almost wholly reliant on the librarians, for all levels of service, whether they are enquiries about existing books, inter-library loans, or the availability of books. There is additionally no real involvement of a user in the entire process. The transactions that the system accommodates are the attendance of every student that  enter the library, book registration and deletion, updating book information and searching thesis references, Borrowing of books, and keeping the record of transaction. Review of Related Literature This chapter contains the relevant outline of literatures related to the study of Library system. This study composed of programming languages, Database and Graphical User Interface (GUI) that is used in the system. This system would be used by members who may be students or professors of that University to check the availability of the books and borrow the books using  automated device, and by the librarian to update the databases. Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoanalyzeandelaborateonthehigh-levelneedsand features of the Library Management System. It focuses on the capabilities and facilities provided by a Library. The details of what all are the needs of the Library Management System and if it fulfils these needs are detailed in the use-case and supplementary specifications. Automated book monitoring system helps to reduce the effect of entering the wrong quantity and the amount of staff time devoted to repetitive activities. Related Studies  According to ACRL (1994) suggested that institution should be prepared to utilized new technologies for accessing information as they are developed. This is why operating the library operations is quite a welcome idea. According to Jeff Kaplan (05/08/2007 A new generation of automated network management software and services is helping in-house staff address this challenge. These let network professionals establish regular patch-management procedures to safeguard against escalating security threats; and create system monitoring routines to identify load imbalances, which could cause service disruptions or performance problems. They also discover, inventory and track assets to make sure that hardware and software licenses are up-to-date and that problems can be resolved faster. According to Voustin Sweere (Aug. 2001) Nowadays every book keeping system used in practice is automated. Most book keeping software an integrated information system are based on database. In this paper, we develop a conceptual book keeping model which is not based on manual techniques, but which is applicable in database environment. Technical Background In this chapter, it provides an overview of all the overall system design, features and  functionalities. The system is design to implement a computerize library management system in Saint Michael College of Caraga. This system consists of one user, the administrator. The administrator can access the system by having first the login security which they have to input his/her user name and password. Once the inputted username and password did not match, the required/registered information it displays â€Å"Invalid Username and Password†. If the username and password match the registered information, the next form will display depending on the role of the administrator.

Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding

Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding HOW DID THE KENYAN STRATEGY ON INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING COME TO BE?A CRITICAL ANALYSIS. *Commonly used Acronyms EBF-Exclusive Breastfeeding IYCF/N-Infant and Young Child Feeding/Nutrition BFHI/CI-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative/Community Initiative. MOPHS-Ministry Of Public Health and Sanitation The first 1000 days of life are crucial stages for a childs growth and development. Damages accrued from nutritional deficiencies during this time are likely to lead to poor cognitive development which results into compromised educational achievement and hence low economic productivity.(Murage et.al,2013;Bhutta et.al,2013).Poor nutrition results from inappropriate feeding practices with poor timing, poor quality and inadequate quantity of food.(M.O.P.H.S,2010). Optimal breastfeeding and complimentary feeding practices are essential in meeting the nutritional needs of children in the first years of life.The Lancet (2003),indicates that exclusive breastfeeding(EBF) for the first 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding from 6-11 months in addition to complementary feeding and a continued breastfeeding up-to 2 years of age help reduce child mortality rates by 19%.This would not only be in line with The Kenyan National Health Sector Strategic Plan II but also significantly contribute towards attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4(Huffman et.al,2001), and The Kenyan Vision 2030.(M.O.H,2000). Several worldwide efforts intended to address child malnutrition emerged in the 1990s,championing to promote Infant and Young Child Feeding by providing appropriate breastfeeding environment.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).These included; The Innocenti Declaration(1990),World Summit For Children(1990),Earth Summit, International Conferences on Nutrition and on Population Development(1992),World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action(WABA) and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. The 2003 Kenya Demographic Health Survey(KDHS) results showed only 2.6% of exclusive breastfeeding( EBF) rates in the country.Additionally, the rates of malnutrition were 30% for stunting,20% underweight and 6% severe malnutrition. Between 2008-2009,Kenya was listed among the top 20 countries with the highest under-nutrition rates.26.9% stunting and 20.3% underweight rates for ages 6-59 months(KDHS 2008/09;KNBS,2008).The HIV pandemic and the attendant risk of Mother To Child Transmission continued to pose a threat to exclusive breastfeeding even to the non-affected families.A study revealed the increased fear by both mothers and peer counsellors on the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding(Koricho et.al,2010).The peer counsellors were more comfortable if HIV positive mothers would abstain from EBF and rather opt for replacement feeding which mostly did not meet the WHO guideline of AFASS(Acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, safe).This led to an increase in infant m ortality rates and malnutrition(Creek et.al,2006). Over 30 countries have developed National IYCF(Infant Young Child Feeding) Strategies based on WHO/UNICEF guidelines..(Sagoe et.al,2012;WHO,2006).Kenya was also a signatory to all global conventions meant to improve IYCF practices.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10). This essay aims to critically analyse the Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding practices (IYCF), developed between 2007-2010. The strategy was intended to provide a strong mechanism, through which the government and various sectors could in a comprehensive and coordinated manner influence accelerated action to improve IYCF practices in Kenya.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/1O).I will draw upon the Walt and Gilson approach of the health policy triangle(1994,cited by Buse et.al,2012) to critically analyse and discuss how the Strategy came into place, what were the key driving factors and the stakeholders involved in the policy making process. I will combine the health policy triangle for analysis and John Kingdons Policy Windows and 3streams approach to agenda setting. The Health Policy Triangle comes in as a more suitable approach, as it acknowledges the importance of looking at content and process of policy making; besides exploring the role of power by the state, national and internati onal organisations and its influence on policy making.(Buse et.al,2012).Kenya is a low income country hence hence a policy making process would involve an interaction among various different stakeholders. Buse et.al(2012) defines policy as the decisions made by those with responsibility for a given area; and a health policy as that which covers courses of action or inaction that affects the set of institutions, organisations, services and funding arrangements of both private and public healthcare systems.The health policy triangle is divided into four constituent parts, both interrelated and interconnected and which are suitable for describing and understanding the Kenyan IYCF Strategy. These include the context, content, process and actors. Context entails the political, social, economic, cultural, both national and international which may have an effect on health policy(Buse et.al,2012).Further classified into situational, structural, cultural and international/exogenous factors by Leichter (1979),cited by Buse et.al,(2012).Some of the situational factors that stimulated the development of The Kenyan Strategy on IYCF include the issue of HIV and its great influence on exclusive breastfeeding and the increased rates of malnutrition combined with decline in the key indicators of IYCF(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).A rapid assessment study (Chopra et.al,2009)indicated widespread mis- information on the Mother To Child Transmission(MTCT) of HIV as a major factor influencing breastfeeding patterns in Kenya.IYCF practices that differ from the commonly seen ones in the community would result in unwanted disclosure of HIV status.(Onono et.al,2014).This had a great influence on the duration of breastfeeding and the method of infant feeding used by the mother. Increased malnutrition rates caused by declined exclusive breastfeeding rates from 3.5%(KDHS 1998)to 2.6%(KDHS 2003) was the other factor(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).Structural factors included inadequate capacity building on healthcare workers on IYCF ,HIV and breastfeeding leading to decline in promotion of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative(BFHI) and breastfeeding promotion through healthcare facilities(Kimani et.al,2015;MOPHS,2007/10).Buse et.al,2012 describes capacity as the ability of the government to make and implement policies.Kenya recorded a decline in BFHI from 600 in 1996 to less than 6 in 2003(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10;Chopra et.al,2009). On the other hand, contextual cultural factors would entail issues such as, the fact that 60-80% of Kenyan women were involved in labour and agricultural practices with minimal male involvement in childcare, leading to poor child caring practices(MOPHS,2007/10).Other beliefs and practices in Kenyan families e.g the belief that breast milk alone is not sufficient for a child also played a great role in influencing the strategy(MOPHS,2007/10;Matsuyama et.al,2013;Murage et.al,2013).To most African countries, exclusive breastfeeding(EBF) is alien(Magoni et.al 2005,cited by Onono et.al,2014).Mixed feeding(breastfeeding along with other liquids or fluids) is the most common method of infant feeding globally and is often continued up to 2 years of age.The strategy was developed to mirror the WHO/UNICEF global strategy for IYCF that was developed to improve global IYCF practices.(Murage,2015).Kenyas aim was to actualize this through the BFHI, along with other interventions such as adopting a nd implementing the WHO Code Of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes(MOPHS,2007/10)meant to regulate the marketing of breast milk substitutes.A reflection of the influence of international factors to the development of this strategy. Content of a policy refers to substance of a particular policy which details its constituent parts.The aim of the strategy was to contribute to improved health, nutritional status development and survival of infants and young children in Kenya.(MOPHS,2007/2010).Some of the component parts and targets of the strategy between 2008-2010 included: strengthening national structures on IYCF to facilitate planning, coordination and advocacy for implementation of the strategy; updating the existent IYCF policy guidelines and the National policies in the context of HIV, to be in line with WHO consensus and statement on HIV and IYCF(WHO,2006) ,and disseminating it by 2008;Enactment of Kenyan National Law for regulation of foods eaten by children aged below 3years and putting up a monitoring system by 2009;revitalization of the Kenyan BFHI to ensure 75% of mothers who deliver in healthcare facilities are initiated on exclusive breastfeeding and providing support and necessary information to hel p them continue up to 6 months of age; ensuring support for breastfeeding mothers by employees through the Employment Act and attendance of IYCF Inter-grated Course by 60% health workers, and 80% PMTCT service providers.The nine main strategic components deemed crucial for the attainment of the strategy goals included; policies and legislation on IYCF, practices in IYCF and IYCF in difficult circumstances, HIV and infant feeding, capacity building on IYCF, communication and advocacy, research on IYCF, partnerships and coordination and finally monitoring and evaluation in IYCF.(MOPHS,2007/10). The process of policy making refers to the way in which policies are initiated,developed,formulated,negotiated,communicated,implemented and evaluated.(Buse et.al,2012).The Kenyan strategy on IYCF can be broken down into the four different theoretical stages of policy process named by Sabatier Smith,(1993) cited by Buse et.al,(2012).These are, problem identification, policy formulation, policy implementation and evaluation.Kenya had recorded a decline on key indicators on IYCF during the two decades prior to the formation of this strategy.Exclusive breastfeeding rates were at 3% with virtually no BFHI facilities(MOH,2007-2010).Additionally, only about 52% of mothers would initiate breastfeeding within one hour.Complementary feeds were introduced way too early for the babies.These issues were closely linked to poor IYCF programming at that time(Lancet 2003;MOPHS,2007/2010). On formulation, The Strategy was developed as a measure that sought to build on past initiatives and improvements to promote IYCF in Kenya(Murage et.al.2013).It was derived from The Global Strategy on IYCF, the Kenyan Policy Guidelines on IYCF, The National Assessment of IYCF policies, programmes and practices and National Food and Nutrition Policy (was still being reviewed in parliament).(MOPHS,2007/10).The rationale for the strategy accrued from among other issues, the increased evidence on interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding and complimentary feeding practices being able to prevent about a fifth of under-five mortality rates in developing countries(Lancet,2003;MOPHS,2007/10). Nutrition is universally recognized as a childs right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health(UNICEF,2012).Based on the global strategy, an assessment of IYCF policies, programmes and practices was conducted in 2004.(Sagoe et.al,2012).Weaknesses were identified, hence leading to a suggestion of the need for a national programme focusing on IYCF, with high levels of advocacy if mothers and children were to practice exclusive breast and complementary feeding.This strategy evolved as a response to that assessment. The strategy would be mainly implemented through BFHI which promotes breastfeeding around the maternity ward during the time of delivery (Murage et.al,2013).It would call for increased political will, public investment and heightened awareness of the critical importance of IYCF amongst health workers, other professionals and community based care providers.(MOH,2007/10).Additionally, involvement of the government, families, communities and community based organisations(CBOs)in collaboration with international organisations and other concerned parties would ensure that necessary action is taken(MOH,2007). The monitoring and evaluation(ME) process would be achieved through: reviewing, developing and harmonizing monitoring and evaluation tools for IYCF; developing and installing software for IYCF at district level; all level monitoring of the National Communication Strategy on IYCF; developing and maintaining a data bank for the persons trained on IYCF/BFHI/code; developing ME tools for IYCF in difficult situations including HIV and Infant Feeding; regular review of IYCF strategy implementation, among many other evaluation strategies such as ME of the implementation of the communication strategy at all levels.(MOPHS,2007). Actors in a policy refers to individuals, organizations the state and their actions that affect policy(Buse.et.al,2012).They may try to influence policy at local, regional, national and international levels.Buse et.al(2012) further classifies the actors into: interest/pressure groups which refers to a type of civil society group that attempts to influence the policy to achieve specific goals; or civil society groups which refers to group or organization which is outside the government and beyond the family group.The actors who played different roles towards the formation of this strategy and were to be actively involved in the implementation included: the government; the non-governmental organisations and community based support groups; international organisations; industries and enterprises; professional associations, ministries, mass media and other groups and communities which includes parents and caregivers directly responsible for feeding children.(MOPHS,2007/10).These can be cl assified as either interest/pressure groups or the civil society groups. The power of international bodies and their influence on the development of this strategy is clearly depicted.Power as defined by Buse et.al,(2012) is the ability to influence and to control resources or the ability to achieve a desired outcome.Being a member of the WHO, Kenya had to comply to the guide it provided on IYCF by creating a National strategy, just like all the other member countries(Jones et.al,2013;Sagoe et.al,2012)),especially within the Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Caribbean.The strategy also adopts the BFHI which was originally launched by WHO/UNICEF(1991) following the Innocenti Declaration, meant to promote exclusive breastfeeding (WHO/UNICEF,2009).A demonstration of the power emanating from WHO as a decision making process.(Dahl,1961 cited by Buse et.al,2012). Development of the strategy would involve using WHO/LINKAGES assessment tool to assess the policies and practices in the country, after which they would be rated after review by national stakeholders and the results used to create a interventions meant to address the gaps(Sagoe et.al,2012). A mixed scanning method of decision making was applied in the formation of the strategy.Mixed scanning would involve a sweep of the problem as a whole followed by a detailed analysis of the component parts(Etzoni,1967 cited by Buse et.al,2012).The Ministry Of Health ,at the national level was involved in assessments intended to quantify the levels of different IYCF practices.Whereas the Ministry Of Public Health And Sanitation(MOPHS)went further ahead to come up with different approaches towards addressing the issue e.g revitalizing BFHI, training all health officials on PMTCT(Prevention of Mother to child transfer);and renewing commitments to create an environment that enabled Kenyan women to practice optimal IYCF.Additionally,it would collaborate with other ministries and international stakeholders and NGOs towards fulfilment of the objectives of the strategy.Therefore working as a policy community. A Policy community is a recognizable subdivision of public policy making in which there is sustained interaction between participants through a web of formal and informal relationships(Buse.et.al,2012).It was demonstrated through participation and consultation among different key IYCF stakeholders; including the government, international bodies, non-governmental organisations and communities, steered by a technical working group under the auspices of National Infant Feeding Steering Committee(MOPHS,2007/10). A legislative framework that would help support and promote breastfeeding had to be set up in the formation of the strategy.The legislature refers to a body that enacts the laws that govern a country and oversees the executive.(Buse et.al,2012).Its roles would include, legislation to give effect to the aims and principles of the International Code Of Breast Milk Substitutes.Additionally,it would legislate towards protecting and supporting breastfeeding among working mothers.(MOPHS,2007/2010). Getting onto the agenda setting aspect of the IYCF strategy; Kingdons(1984) theoretical model of agenda setting(cited by Buse et.al,2012), would be much suitable in explaining how the Kenyan Strategy on IYCF became a major focus of government. Agenda setting is the process by which issues come into the policy agenda from the much larger number of issues potentially worthy of attention by policy makers.(Buse et.al,2012).Policy making is therefore viewed in agenda setting as responding to daily problems that need solutions.(Thomas and Grindle,1991 cited by Buse et.al,2012).The approach focuses on the role of policy entrepreneurs within and outside the government who utilize policy windows(agenda setting opportunities)to move issues onto the governments formal agenda.It is explained using 3 streams ;problem, policy and politics streams and the policy windows.Policy entrepreneurs promote their ideas into many different fora and invest time to ensure they are put onto the agenda.(Kingdon, 1995). Problem stream is defined as public matters that requires attention(Gulbrandson and Fossum,2009). With an emphasis that it only becomes a problem if identified by the decision makers besides other lists of problems presented.Chopra et.al 2009 acknowledges the existence of a huge gap in the level of political support that nutrition and infant feeding was able to achieve compared to other components of the Prevention of Mother To Child Transfer(PMTCT) programme.An explanation to the delay in implementation of the then, already existing IYCF policy and the pending approval of other existent nutritional programmes that would promote IYCF.The Ministry Of Public Health and Sanitation(MOPHS) was majorly involved in advocacy besides other nongovernmental organizations.The overwhelming evidence on malnutrition recorded by KDHS and Kenya Bureau of Statistics e.g 29.% stunting and 20.3% underweight children, data on huge reduction in EBF and decrease in BFHI by 70% (KDHS 2003;Lancet,2003) were the key indicators that evidenced the magnitude of the issue and the need for prompt government action. Implementing this strategy was Kenyas way of renewing its commitment to WHO, by adopting its 2006 consensus statements on HIV and infant feeding.It was also a major stakeholder and a potential source of funding.The policy stream consists of ongoing problem analysis, and their proposed solutions together with debates surrounding the problems.(Buse et.al,2012).The solutions should be easily available and promptly reachable by decisionmakers.(Guldbrandson and Fossum,2009). The strategy was drawn from national assessments of IYCF policies ,programmes and practices in the country(2004)and from consultative meetings with stakeholders.In addition to being harmonized with the National Food and Nutrition policy that was pending in the government at that time; it was intended as a guide of action based on accumulated evidence on importance of infant and child nutrition during their early months and years of life and for growth and development.(MOPHS,2007;Murage et.al,2013). The Kenyan Public Health Sanitation ministry then also had the expertise, technical and programme knowledge to rapidly improve Infant and Young Child Feeding indicators and to save lives.(MOPHS,2007/2010). Politics stream is defined as being composed of such events as national mood swings, government changes and campaigns by interest groups.(Buse et.al 2012;Guldbrandson and Fusson,2009).The year of 2007 was an elections and campaign year in Kenya.The then existing government had a strong intention to go for a second term.Cairney and Jones,(2015) describe this as an existence of both motive an opportunity in politics stream.Implementing the IYCF strategy during this period would be one of the moves to entice the public by showing attention to their problems.The strategy would provide a strong framework through which the government and other important stakeholders could contribute towards improvement of Kenyan childrens nutritional status through IYCF practices.(MOPHS,2007/10). The existence of an attention lurching problem(problem stream),with readily proposed solutions(policy stream) and a conducive and positive political environment that accepted and supported the strategy(politics stream) led to development of a policy window.An opportunity to develop the strategy in parliament and eventually its implementation. The Kenyan Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation(MOPHS-Kenya)would support this strategy by renewing its commitment to create an enabling environment for optimal IYCF(MOPHS,2007/10).It would also improve child survival by strengthening focus on IYCF through various ways like: advocating for enforcement and implementation of Maternity protection Provision in the Employment Act 2007 in all sectors; working with the attorney general and the Minister Of Justice and Constitutional Affairs to ensure enactment of a law that protects optimal IYCF; develop clear, consistent policies and guidelines; build the entire capacity of the public and private healthcare system to implement them, among many other key supportive tasks.(MOPHS,2007). Development of the IYCF strategy was a huge and commendable step in Kenya.Different factors are clearly outlined as having contributed towards its formation.Improvement infant and young child feeding practices, and maternal health being the core driving factors, besides adherence to WHO Global Strategy on IYCF.(MOPHS,2007/10).By 2012,Kenya was in its final stages of enacting the strategy.(Sagoe et.al,2012). The successive process of the strategy formation can be attributed to, the involvement of WHO/UNICEF, the intense collaboration between the Ministry of Health(MOH) and the MOPHS-Kenya together with other major national and international NGOs such as APHIA II Partners, World Vision Kenya among many others.(MOPHS,2007/10) Several significant achievements accrued from the implementation of this strategy include the 61% increase in EBF rates(KDHS,2014).Making Kenya among the handful of countries that have managed to achieve the WHA target of 50% EBF rates by 2025.Enactment of the Code of Marketing for breastmilk substitutes(Sagoe et.al,2012)and the development of various models like the BFHI and the Breast Feeding Community initiative(APHRC,2014) have greatly contributed towards achieving high EBF rates. A critical analysis of the strategy implementation process and the challenges pertaining to its implementation, an aspect my essay did not focus on; would be a clear and concise way of depicting the achievements of the strategy and the barriers faced on rolling out and implementation of its plans. TOTAL WORD COUNT-3,265.

America the Racist Tyrant Essay -- essays research papers

America the Racist Tyrant In "The Declaration of Independence," Thomas Jefferson shows the King of Great Britain acting as a tyrant to the colonies, and Jefferson declared America to be free from Britain. In the "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr. writes to a clergyman logically analyzing criticisms while communicating to the public his arguments. Jefferson fought for freedom and right for America. King also fought for better civil rights for his black people. They both fought for their people, King however fought peacefully with white people, who in return were cruel. This comparing Jefferson's and King's fought for freedom, different skin color demonstrates racism causing unfairness to this day still exists because the fight for justice and rights still exist which calls for a social contract. Every single human being has a right to life, civil rights, and freedom. This is a right that Americans base their government on. Jefferson states that "all men are created equal" and man should naturally stand for every single person, no matter what color or sex they are. (53) Equality in all men however is untrue. Different race, religion or gender often causes conflicts between people. Conflicts results in discrimination against groups. This can be shown through King's fight for black's civil rights. Americans already have freedom and rights, however, the black people are still being looked down. For King and his people, they were treated without respect. The black people "have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God-given rights."(217) The black people have waited silently while everyone else received their God-given rights. They are rights that everyone should possess; however, the black Americans did not because of their color. People are often judged according to the color of their skin. This judging of another person is often negative and is known as racism. America is known as the melting pot with all kinds of race living there. It is clear that no matter how big a melting pot, it can not contain all race mixed together. As a black man, King witnessed and experienced racism during the segregation period. People were "haunted by day and haunted by night by the fact that you are a Negro" shows that black people were being discriminated.(218) This judging and disrespe... ...or poor, strong or weak in rights to have freedom and justice. Just as Jefferson "has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of Government" (54). The colonies have also found equality between them and Britain by becoming an independent government. As King puts it "oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever" (222) people are forever fighting and yearning for freedom from justice. In conclusion, Jefferson demonstrates that by declaring independence, thirteen colonies have given themselves their rightful freedom. However, these freedoms were given mainly to the white. The black, like King, fights nonviolently hard to change the society and government slowly to receive the same justice and freedoms as the whites. When comparing the people in Jefferson's time and the people in King's time, it is surprising to see that they are both fighting for similar rights on the same grounds, yet King is fighting for it later when America already have the rights. This concludes that racism indeed plays an important role in our past and present as we try to be free from other judges.

Accounting Report Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Accounting Report Anyone considering accounting needs to assess whether this career fits his or her interests, abilities, and aspirations. There are certain qualities and qualifications, however, that a person should consider before making a commitment to a particular career field. Selecting a career can take a lot of time, and many people do not choose until they are adults. Contributing to the difficulty in choosing a career is the vast number of vocations from which to choose. The field of accounting alone covers dozens of types of accountants and dozens of jobs. In trying to decide whether accounting is an appropriate career choice, a person should talk with bookkeepers and accountants that have years of experience. Ask questions about their daily work requirements, their likes and dislikes about accounting, and how they became interested in the profession. Questions such as these can give a person insight into the profession and help in considering accounting as a career. Accounting is a system used to provide financial information about a business or person. Accountants prepare and analyze financial records for individuals, companies, governments, or other organizations. Accounting is a basic need for every business, and the term business has been broadened to mean any operation that deals with money. That includes families and corporations, and also schools, theaters, art galleries, charitable organizations, and even some private persons. People sometimes call accounting â€Å"the language of business† because accounting data are used to detail firms activities. Accounting tells the history of a business or person in numbers. Over one million people are employed as accountants, and most can be found in private business and industry. â€Å"Nearly 40 percent of all accountants are certified, and about 10 percent are self-employed’(Caruna, 1). In addition to openings resulting from growth, the need to replace accountants who retire or transfer to other occupations will produce thousands of job opening annually in this large occupation. The Occupational Outlook Handbook states that the expansion of accountants is related to: â€Å"increasingly complex taxation, growth in both the size and the number of business corporations required to release financial reports to stockholders, a more general use of accounting in the management of business, and outsourcing of a... ...anning and control. â€Å"Other examples of consulting projects of CPA firms are: advising and developing a system for a stock exchange, assisting a new integrated financial management system for New York City, and helping several major railroads with resource planning† (Rosenthal, 22). A career in management consulting offers the opportunity to work with a company’s executives in applying the concepts of modern management and information technology. The final level of entry into public accounting is entrepreneurial services. In the book Careers in Accounting, it says that working in the entrepreneurial field â€Å"is a fast-growing and dynamic area that has been formed in most large firms in the last few years† (5). The person working in this area deals with the special requirements of a startup or growing company. Professionals in this group are involved in counseling and advising the emerging or middle-market company that may lack the resources to successfully handle planning, cost control, attracting capital, going public, or choosing the right information system or compensation plan. Audit, tax, and management consulting skills are all used to fill the needs of an emerging business.

Essay --

Eight people are invited to Indian Island, a piece of land that a famous movie star millionaire is said to have purchased. The one thing all these people have in common is that they were all somehow involved in someone’s death. Soon they all learn that they were tricked into coming to the island which will result in their certain deaths. In every persons’ bedroom there was a poem that hinted at how each was going to die, and ten porcelain figures on the dining room table that mysteriously disappear with each death. One of them was the murderer because there was no one else on the island, leading to suspicion, accusations, and chaos. In the end it was learned that two of the characters on the island did in fact plan all the deaths, but one threatens to tell people. In turn, Lawrence Wargrave kills him off. He was punishing these people for crimes they had committed then he himself committed suicide. In And Then There Were None, Agatha Christie develops the theme â€Å"o ne must atone for their sins† through the use of symbolism, setting, and internal conflict. In the novel, Christie utilizes symbolism to develop to the theme. Both the violent storm and the china figure represent many different things ranging from death to the character’s backgrounds. The fierce weather symbolizes the violent acts that took place on Indian Island and previous faults the characters had committed. General Macarthur for example was pinned with the death of one of his soldiers. He sent the man to a brutal fight knowing that he would die. Also, the vicious storm is representative of the murders that were occurring on the island. The porcelain Indian figures embodied each of the ten people on the island. As a person dies, one of the men mysteriously disappears... ...money she lost not only Cyril, but her boyfriend. This event left her in an almost depressed position. The image of him drowning is constantly on her mind whilst on the island where she is very often left alone to just her thoughts. Near the end she had begun regretting what she did. The memory and guilt of her actions affect her so much, she committed suicide. This in turn was her punishment for plotting the death of an innocent boy. Furthermore her internal conflicts lead her to the retribution of her actions. As seen through the use of symbolism, setting, and internal conflict, Agatha Christie has created the theme â€Å"no wrongdoing goes unpunished† in And Then There Were None. Each of the characters paid for their sins through death on Indian Island. Each character either took their own life, due to the regret of their actions or by it was done by an outside force.

Coconut: the most economically important member of the great palm family Essay

CHAPTER 1 (BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY) In this modern world considered as the era of comforts, we also face poverty and scarcity of resources because of over population. So, people today are searching for some easier and better ways to save money through substituting commercialized products with improvised and homemade products, economizing, etc. In short people today are just being practical on what they will buy or what they will do to meet their needs. The coconut is the fruit of the most economically important member of the great palm family, Palmae. The genus Cocos are Southeast Asians and contain only one species, Cocos Nucifera.  Cultivated in tropical lowlands, almost always near the sea, the coconut has long been distributed throughout Southeast Asia and along the Tropical African and American coasts. The coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the many uses of its different parts. For centuries, the coconut pal has supplied the people of the Pacific Islands with food, drink, shelter, and most of their needs. The durian is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. Durio zibethinus is the only species available in the international market: other species are sold in their local regions. Regarded by many people in Southeast Asia as the â€Å"king of fruits†, the  durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odor, and formidable thorn-covered husk. The fruit can grow as large as 30 centimeters (12 in) long and 15 centimeters (6 in) in diameter, and it typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb.). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the color of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Corn (Zea mays) has been grown in the northeast for generations, and is a demanding crop but one that is highly-valued for its use. Corn, Zea mays, is an annual grass in the family Poaceae and is a staple food crop grown all over the world. Corn is the second most important crop in the Philippines. About 14 million Filipinos prefer white corn as their main staple and yellow corn accounts for about 50% of livestock mixed feeds. Some 600,000 farm households depend on corn as a major source of livelihood, in addition to transport services, traders, processors and agricultural input suppliers who directly benefit from corn production, processing, marketing and distribution. Shoe shining is the process of applying an external substance to the surface of a shoe to improve the materials and make it shinier. Shoe shining has been a part of shoe care for hundreds of years. Adding a shine to a shoe brings polish to an outfit. Shoe polish products are low-value items are frequently purchased as a single but might last for several days. The researchers wanted to produce shoe polish out of the coconut husks, durian husks and corn cobs because we found another use for them. This leads to conduct an experiment using the ashes of coconut husk, durian husks and corn cobs for shoe polish. If these products would be successful, it can help in recycling coconut husks, durian husks and corn cobs and can lessen them to avoid them scattering all over our community. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to make an effective shoe polish out of ashes from burned coconut husks, durian skins, and corn cobs. Specifically, the study would like to answer the following: * What are the components that are present in the ashes? * How effective is the shoe polish in terms of: – Shine that it could give – Life Span – Color of Polish compared to other brands * What is the difference between the commercial shoe polish from the shoe polish out of ashes from the coconut husks, durian skins, and corn cobs? ASSUMPTION The researchers believed that Coconut husks, Corn Cobs and Durian Skins are effective alternative shoe polish and can make it a source of income. HYPOTHESIS There was no significant difference between the efficiency of our product to the commercial shoe polish that was sold on the market. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY One of the main benefits of a shoe shine is that it helps preserve the material that shoes are made out of. Polishing products also provides the coating of wax on the leather that helps in keeping it waterproof and reduces the dirt accumulated on the leather. Shoe polish also gives a moisturizing effect to the leather and proper care may help in lasting the shoes for several years. Since coconut, durian, and corn is abundant in our country, people can make it a source of livelihood. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study is focused on the effectiveness of the alternative shoe polish and aims to shine shoes at a long period of time. Furthermore, this study is only limited to the effectiveness, color, shine, duration, and the odor it can give. METHODOLOGY The purpose of this chapter is to present the experimental assumptions underpinning this research, as well as to introduce the research strategy and empirical techniques applied then the materials used in conducting this  study. The chapter defines the scope and limitations of the research design. Materials The researchers utilized the following materials in accomplishing the project: Coconut husks, Corn Cobs, Durian Skins, Coals, Matchsticks, Ashes, Tongs, Strainer, 3 Basins, Pitcher, Water, Measuring Cups, Detergent Bar Soap, Knife, Frying Pan, Spoon, Citric Acid, Glycerin, Dye, and Kerosene. The sun was used as the source of heat to dry the Coconut husks, Corn cobs and Durian skins. The coals and matchsticks are used to burn the three different fruit shells and tongs was used to protect our hands from getting burned. The strainer was used to remove big particles and for us to gather fine ashes. The 3 basins were used as containers of the ashes. The pitcher was used as a container for the water. The measuring cups were used to measure the quantity of the water, citric acid, glycerin, dye and kerosene needed. The knife was used to cut the bar soap. The frying pan and spoon were used in heating up the whole mixture. Procedure The researchers gathered (1) one sack coconut husk, (1) one sack corn cobs and (1) one sack durian skin. After collecting the three different fruit shells the researchers let them stay under the sun for three days to get totally dry. Then after three days the researchers prepared the materials for the burning process. The researchers burned the three different dried fruit shells separately and collected the ashes. Afterwards, they inspect the ashes and they remove the big particles using a strainer. 1.Burn the dried coconut husk, corn cob, and durian skin separately and collect the ashes. 2.Inspect the ashes and remove the big particles. 3.Measure a certain amount of water. 4.Cut the bar soap into small pieces and dissolve it on water. 5.Add the ashes. 6.Heat the mixture until it boils, then stir evenly. 7.After few minutes add the citric acid and the glycerin. 8.Pour into a container. The mixture needs to settle for a number of hours before used.

Children and education Essay

?Children’s mind is considered as white sheets, so it is easy for us to write on them as we want. In fact, some experts believe that children should begin to learn foreign language at primary school. In my opinion, there are many advantages to learn a target language as a child. First of all, the most advantage is they can learn a great number of vocabularies. Take my brother an example. He began studying English when he was six years old. Therefore, he knows many thematic vocabularies. Having graduated from high school, he finds it easy to communicate with foreigners by a wide knowledge. Next, learning foreign language as child helps children to imitate rightly pronunciation of native languages. For example, my daughter in grade two learns English two days a week. She often listens to songs and stories by native’s voice. As a result, she can imitate their voice and rhythm to pronounce rightly. Last but not least, another advantage is they can remember the pattern sentences longer. They can practice some patterns by repetition method. In reality, ones are repeated so many times that they remember them deeply, and that helps them to reflect quickly in context communicate. In brief, with above-mentioned reasons, it is better for children to begin learn foreign language at primary school than at secondary school. They will achieve a wide, strong knowledge as well as their self- confident to enter a bright future. Learning a foreign language at primary school or secondary school is very necessary for children. However, some people think that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. There are a lot of controversial opinions about this problem. In my opinion, I agree with this statement because of the following reasons. Firstly, learning a foreign language at primary school helps children develop their skills better. Nowadays, children of all primary shcools in the nation have to study the foreign language, mainly English. At primary school, children have focused on learning vocabularies, how to pronounce†¦At this age, the children’s brain is developing so it is very easy for them to learn the foreign language. Moreover, the children of primary school have a lot of time and conditions to learn the foreign language because they have less subjects at school. The chidren should begin learning the foreign language at primary school because it will help them to develope their skills including reading and speaking skill. If the children begin learning the foreign language at secondary school, they will face a lot of difficulties in their study because they do not have the basic knowledge of foreign language. At secondary school, the children have to spent more time on different subjects, therefore they do not have more time to learn the foreign language. Secondly, to begin learning the foreign language at primary school helps the children to pronounce more exactly. The program of teaching and learning the foreign language at primary school and secondary school is different. If the children begin learning the foreign language at secondary school, they will study more skills such as writing, speaking, reading, listening, grammar and new words. Hence, it is not good for children to begin learning the foreign language at secondary school. Unlike the secondary school, the children of primary school only learn the vocabularies, the way of pronunciation and simple sentences. Learning the foreign language at primary school will create many favorable chances for children to prepare firm knowlegde and this hepls them to learn the foreign language at secondary school better. In conclusion, to begin learning the foreign language at primary school is better than secondary school. The children should begin learning the foreign language at primary school because this is an important period that hepls them build basic knowlegde of foreign language.