MEDICATION ERRORS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medicine ERRORS - Essay Example They can likewise be ordered from a relevant viewpoint, regarding the meds, time, spot and individuals included (Spath, 2011). Modular order is the third sort, which alludes to the way wherein the blunder occurred, for instance, mistakes can happen by replacement, exclusion or reiteration. Patients’ security and clinical mistakes speak to a subject that has as of late increased both open and logical consideration. This is because of the way that various clinical mistakes have happened, and recently all the time (Jox, Schneider, Borasio and Dietz, 2010). These blunders are joined by an expanded expense in treatment, notwithstanding various good outcomes. A few hindrances worried about patient security and medicine mistakes have been distinguished. These remember poor initiative and nonattendance of input for occurrences concerning these blunders. Input would empower the clinical framework to screen the event of these blunders on a national level, and help the experts in detaili ng the fitting protection measures. Deliberate detailing frameworks have been made by associations, for example, the Institute of Safe Medical Practice Canada (ISMP Canada) and results have demonstrated that these frameworks can help lessen the quantity of missteps in prescription from human mistake (David, n.d). Medicine blunder reports are investigated by the Division of Medication Error Prevention and Analysis (DMEPA) (US Food and Drug Administration, n.d). It incorporates a counteraction program which assesses instances of clinical blunders, setbacks, and utilizations this information to detail protection measures against drug mistakes. Luckily, most prescription blunders are because of exclusion rather than commission; consequently, there is a sure degree of preventability for the event of these mix-ups. To figure precaution measures, one must dissect the basic reason for these mistakes. These blunders normally endless supply of a clinical specialist organization to recognize t he condition of sickness, thus, recommends the mistaken medication treatment, inability to distinguish the component of medication communication, carelessness to patient’s sedate sensitivities and general patient information deficiencies (Harn, n.d). The previously mentioned blunders can be kept away from if time is taken to advise the prescriber and improving his/her working conditions (Harn, n.d). All together for the prescriber to decrease the likelihood of prescription mistakes happening, he/she can learn approaches to keep concentrated on the patient and ensure finding is made with out any outer interruptions. The work performed by clinical experts can be incredibly unpleasant now and again and these conditions commit them inclined to making errors. Making a tranquil situation can help decrease the number blunders. This can be accomplished by lessening the measure of caffeine consumption and keeping up a sound eating routine, improving relations among representatives, gu aranteeing that the workers get sufficient rest, working objectives ought to be practical to abstain from workaholic behavior workers and unfortunate propensities, for example, liquor admission, ought to be precluded during or before working hours. The patient can likewise assume a job in forestalling prescription mistakes by picking up information on the medicine that has been recommended to him/her. The individual in question ought to know about the reason for the medicine and what illness he/she is taking the drug for. The patient ought to likewise attempt to utilize a similar drug store for one medicine, thusly drug specialists can distinguish any irregularities that the specialist may have made

Reign of Terror in Tale of Two Cities

Reign of Terror in Tale of Two Cities The Reign of Terror was a timeframe during the French Revolution when authorities would haphazardly execute individuals who were believed to be a danger to their arrangements. The Reign of Terror was ran by a gathering called the Board of trustees of Public Safety. The gathering governed France when it was experiencing a national crisis, for example, the French Revolution, and was viewed as a dictatorship.The Committee of Public Safety framed on April 6, 1793 to save the change during the French Revolution. By September 6 of that year the gathering took its last structure. They had twelve individuals and their principle part was supposed to take care of business named Maximilien Robespierre.The gathering's prime goal was to dispose of any individual who might impede the progressives. Like in Tale of Two Cities, individuals that came into France were regularly however of as backstabbers and were executed immediately.The Wanderer is set during the Reign of Terror, ex...Also, the gather ing attempted to shape a volunteer army of the individuals in France that were tired of the nobility. They additionally needed to give food supplies to individuals and the armed forces.

Medicaid Free Essays

Check Point: Summarizing the Medigap Program Write a 250-300 word synopsis thinking about the Medigap program address the accompanying in your outline: What are the center advantages in the Medigap protection program? How well does the program address inclusion issues of its purchasers? Is the expense of each arrangement reasonable considering the advantages and cutoff points offered by each arrangement? Clarify your assessment and give models What are the ramifications of having a privately owned business related with an administration protection program? Medigap is a supplemental medical coverage strategy, intended to cover what Medicare doesn’t spread. So as to be qualified for the Medigap program people must have either Medicare Part An or B and will be required to pay the premiums. There are 12 supplemental protection approaches that will pay for wellbeing administrations that Medicare doesn't cover in their unique strategy. We will compose a custom exposition test on Medicaid or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Every one of the 12 plans are required to have certain fundamental wellbeing administrations. The center advantages for members in Medicare Part An are every day coinsurance for 61 to 90 days of hospitalization day by day coinsurance for each of Medicare’s lifetime inpatient emergency clinic days and 100 percent of secured emergency clinic charges for 365 days after all Medicare clinic benefits have been utilized. Medicare Part B the center charges are coinsurance sum after the deductible and the initial 3 pints of blood for the year. Each plane broadens an alternate advantage focused at filling the holes in Medicare inclusion. Private medical coverage organizations sell Medigap protection however they should adhere to government and state laws. Medigap will cover deductibles, coinsurance and different administrations not secured by Medicare. Medigap plans are for the individual and what they by and by need so to keep premiums down shop around and analyze, there may be limits for ladies, nonsmokers, clinical endorsing, and deductibles. Medigap offers an assortment of plans that are accessible to look over and give the buyer a bundle that will accommodate their wellbeing needs. The wellbeing plans are reasonable contrasted with other insurance agencies. It just relies upon what the individual needs to cover and their present wellbeing needs around then. Instructions to refer to Medicaid, Papers

How to Demonstrate Financial Need in a Scholarship Essay Samples

How to Demonstrate Financial Need in a Scholarship Essay SamplesThe purpose of the education system is to develop the individuals and train them for the future and if we are really serious about that we need to make sure they have the best chances possible. Therefore, you need to take into consideration how to demonstrate financial need in a scholarship essay samples.One way of making sure they have a perfect chance at a great career and promotion is to show financial need in a scholarship essay samples. This is why it is very important to learn the history of some of the major universities in your area.These were the major universities in the area that produced some of the most talented individuals and some of the major universities around the world. You can consider what they did and how they did it.Think about the names of their professors and the work they had done and think about the impact they had on other people and the benefits they had on people today. Consider how they cou ld contribute to the economy and have an impact on the whole community. Again, this is where you can use the education system to help you with your scholarship essay samples.It is very important that you consider the impact you can have for yourself and for others if you can show financial need in a scholarship essay samples. Then, as you go through your college essays, you will be able to put the idea together to make a convincing argument.Then, if you really want to build up your application chances with a scholarship essay samples, then consider the other factors that are going to determine whether or not you get accepted. Consider how your grades compare to the rest of the people who are applying for the scholarship.So, make sure you give yourself the best chance at the next interview for the scholarship and consider the ways in which you can show financial need in a scholarship essay samples. Good luck!

Organizational Structure Of A Regional Medical Center (...

According to Tiller (2012), â€Å"a carefully designed organizational structure is a logical prerequisite for success† (p. 20). This holds true in health care today; the structure of an organization determines how efficient the facility will run, as well as setting the tone for the culture within the company. The organizational structure â€Å"describes the arrangement of the work group† making it the division of the work that needs to be done across the continuum of the organization (Sullivan, 2013, p. 12). The purpose of this paper is to take a closer look at the organizational structure that Grinnell Regional Medical Center (GRMC) uses. Assess how the structure supports client-centered care; the communication methods that are used;†¦show more content†¦Patient-Centered Care The leadership structures utilized helps to create an environment that supports patient-centered care by its integration of the service-line structure by grouping similar services and departments. For example, all acute care services and the majority of the nursing services all report to the Vice President of Operations to ensure that there is coordination across the entire organization. The director of the intensive care unit is also the director responsible for the emergency department, and the cardiopulmonary unit. These particular departments care for many of the same patients throughout their hospital stay. As patients move from the emergency room to the intensive care unit they usually receive services from the respiratory therapists who are a part of the cardiopulmonary department; they will receive continuity of care based on their needs by staff that are similarly trained and who are held to the same service goals. It is not a surprise that GRMC has high patient satisfaction scores, because organizations that run under the service-line structures tend to have higher patient satisfaction and safety scores (Sullivan, 2013). Information Systems, Communication, and Decision-Making Ability GRMC utilizes multiple information systems throughout the organization to communicate with patients, hospital departments, and administration. On the clinical

St. Marys Honor Center vs. Hicks - 779 Words

St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks The St. Mary’s Center v. Hicks case created national storm after the Supreme Court decision that an employee must provide evidence and prove discrimination in the workplace. To demonstrate discrimination, an employee must conform under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Cundiff, Chaitovitz, 1994). Justice Scalia labeled Saint Mary’s Center v. Hicks case â€Å"pretext-plus† approach. Other courts, commentators, and analysts originally also classified the term pretext-plus. The approach of this case is similar to â€Å"pretext-only† approach from the case McDonnell Douglas Corp v. Green of 1973 (Cundiff, Chaitovitz, 1994). The employee must develop a discrimination case and accepted as correct and proved†¦show more content†¦The employee must also prove that it is a pretext for discrimination, which is the requirement for the pretext-only approach. Additionally, if the employer is not imminent to deliver an explanation of the conduct, the presumption of illegal discrimination is possible. On the other hand, an employee must submit additional proofs of discrimination to have significant chances of winning. Bogardus (2012) the controversy of this case was remarkable because the plaintiff charge started encloses the decision itself. The pretext-plus approach by Judge Scalia was corresponding under the Title VII. The public response to the case was not unanimous. Some observers viewed that Saint Marys pretext-plus approach as a comprehensive deviation of the ruling. Establishing the pretext is what makes the plaintiff prevailed. The argumentation of this case was it is impossible for the plaintiff to prevail under pretext-plus because this approach requires direct evidence of discrimination. Reviewing the factual setting and source of the case is essential in legal analysis. Melvin Hicks was an employee of Saint Marys Center from 1978 to early 1984. Hick is Black-American and a satisfactory employment history. Saint Marys Center is a correctional facility. Due to the complaints of the condition of the facility by the state and inmates, Saint Marys conducted an undercover investigation (Cundiff, Chaitovitz, 1994). The center concluded that reorganization and staff changes are needed to

The Law of Attraction free essay sample

The laws of nature do not apply only to earth. Our entire universe follows the same laws. These laws never change. Your coffee on a counter will always become cool. Gravity remains steady never random. The speed of light remains constant. The earth rotates in 24 hours. The laws of physics is a pattern that nature obeys without exception. It is important to understand that all matter is energy. Our thoughts, feelings, and emotions also follow certain laws. Many people are not aware that every thought we think and every emotion we feel has a measurable frequency. We humans are a part of nature. The human body, mind, thought, emotions and feelings are also governed by certain laws. Now, just because we are not able to see thoughts and emotions does not mean that they do not affect the world around us. You cannot see electricity, but it helps people worldwide and no one seems to understand it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Law of Attraction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You cannot see gravity but that does not mean that gravity does not exist. Through visualization, meditation, and affirmations we can attain any goal we set out for ourselves. As humans we have the power to change our reality simply by changing our thoughts and what we focus on. What you focus on and put energy in expands. Visualization can help you to have greater focus, it can inspire you, and it can help build self confidence. With all of this it becomes easier for you to achieve your goals, not to mention you are seeing yourself accomplish these goals in your mind’s eye so your mind starts to believe you can accomplish these goals and starts the process towards those goals. Most people are not aware of this but it is important to understand that our earth is conscious, the same way as every cell in our body is conscious. Every cell and organ in our bodies perform their tasks without any of our voluntary behaviour. It is important to choose your thoughts wisely because the earth and the universe is very receptive to your thoughts, feelings and emotions. It is important to have a vision and visualize how you would like your life to be because it is the first step to achieving your goals and desires. Having a vision of how you want your life to be gives you a sense of direction and a map to follow in order to attain fulfilment in your life. As we visualize and see ourselves having and doing the things we want, we begin to become more confident in ourselves. The more confident you become in yourself, the more you start to do and be, which in turn, builds even more self confidence. It is important to believe in yourself. There is a famous quote by Henry Ford and it goes something like this, Whether you think you can or can`t, you are right. Visualization is also a form of meditation. Simply by visualizing what you desire in life will help you attract opportunities and situations into your life that will guide you to your goal. Neuroscientists have found that mediators shift their brain activity to different areas of the brain. The waves in the stress prone right frontal cortex move to the calmer left frontal cortex. This mental shift decreases the negative effects of stress, depres sion and anxiety. Meditation is a form of soul searching. Through meditation you become in alignment with your true self. Meditation is a fundamental step in the law of attraction. Meditation helps you understand yourself, it helps you understand your values and motivations in life. When a person knows what they are motivated by and what their values are then it becomes easier for them to start taking steps towards attaining their goals. Meditation helps you quite your mind from all of the mental chatter and helps you turn your focus inwards. You will find answers to all of your questions within yourself. There are many different ways one can meditate. Setting in a lotus posture is not the only way to meditate. Listening to music, drawing, looking at art, reading books that challenge and inspire you, yoga, and simply setting or walking in nature is also a form of meditation. There are many physiological, physiological and spiritual benefits to meditation. Through meditation you can overcome many of lifes challenges. Studies show that people that meditate are less prone to illnesses and have the ability to focus better. It is important to have a strong focus because where focus goes, energy flows. Through meditation you become at peace with yourself and all that exists. Meditation is also a way to affirm what you are driven by and what makes you happy. Through meditation you open your heart and make space for all the infinite possibilities that this beautiful universe has to offer. The law of attraction only works for those who have space available for what this life has to offer. Lastly, it is important to affirm yourself on a daily basis. Affirmations are positive, specific statements that helps you overcome negative thoughts. They help you visualize, and believe in, what you are affirming to yourself. Affirmations helps you make positive changes to your life and career. You can use affirmations in any situation where you would like to see positive change take place. You can use affirmations to raise your confidence before presentations, important meetings, and projects. You can also use affirmations to control negative feelings such as frustration, anger or impatience. Affirmations help you improve your self esteem and productivity. As I mentioned earlier, thought and emotions have a frequency. We attract positive people, events, and situations simply by keeping a positive state of mind. Affirmations are a big part of the law of attraction. Also, through affirmations we constantly remind ourselves about our goals and desires. It is a good way to keep yourself on track. It is important to understand that when you keep a positive attitude and mindset you attract like minded people into your life. When you wake up in the morning, take a moment to affirm yourself by saying to yourself , Today is a great day, every situation I come across today is a positive and learning experience and all is well. It is important to form your affirmations in the present tense, this helps you believe that this statement is true right now. It is also important to repeat your affirmations as soon as you start to engage in a negative thought or behaviour. Affirmations are more effective when they are thought or said with feeling. In conclusion, the universe listens to your thoughts and feelings so use this knowledge to your advantage. Your thoughts and beliefs shape and effect how you perform and how you see the world around you. We humans are capable of manifesting anything in our lives as long as we have the right intention and focus. Through visualization, meditation and affirmation we gain the tools to overcome lifes obstacles and become whole as a person. Thoughts send out magnetic energy so it is important to choose your thoughts consciously. We can use the law of attraction as a tool to fulfill our goals. When we are in harmony and alignment with our true selves we also become at peace with the world around us. It is important to understand your values, motives and desires so that you can excel in life which will also set an example for those around you to do the same.

The role of Inspector Goole in ‘An Inspector Calls’ Essay Example

The role of Inspector Goole in ‘An Inspector Calls’ Essay In this essay I will be discuss the role of the inspector in An Inspector Calls and evaluating his important to the play. An Inspector Calls was written by J.B Priestly in 1945 but was set in Capitalist England during 1912 during this time Socialism was beginning to catch onto society. The play depicts the story of the Birling family and how each member discovers his or her involvement with the death of a girl called Eva Smith (who also called herself Daisy Renton). An Inspector visits them while the family are having dinner, celebrating the engagement of Sheila and Gerald, Sheila being the daughter of the wealthy, prosperous and capitalist businessman Burling. His wife, Sybil is a cold woman and her husband’s social superior. Their children are Eric; a shy but assertive young man, and Sheila; a pretty young woman who is pleased with life. Gerald Croft, her new fiancà ©, is an attractive, easygoing man who is excited about his new engagement. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of Inspector Goole in ‘An Inspector Calls’ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The role of Inspector Goole in ‘An Inspector Calls’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The role of Inspector Goole in ‘An Inspector Calls’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Their celebration is interrupted by Inspector Goole, a man who creates an â€Å"impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness†. Soon, the story unravels and we discover how each member of the household is responsible for the suicide of Eva Smith. Between 1912 and 1945, many important events occurred, including; both World Wars, the Holocaust, the sink of the Titanic and the Wall Street Crash (resulting in hyperinflation and the great depression). The overall message of the play is to be more socially responsible by taking care of your community as a whole body of people, and to accept that there are other people who are different, or are of a lower class. Priestly wrote the play in 1945, it was set in 1912 however, as a way to reflect on how capitalists neglected their responsibilities as members of a society to care for others. Between the setting of the play and the time it was written, three major world events occurred; the sinking of the Titanic and both World Wars. Priestly set the play in 1912 to enable him to speak out as a socialist about how the capitalists should have changed their ways, almost warning them that if they did not, such events like war would occur. I know this because the inspector says â€Å"if men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught in blood, and fire, and anguish†. Priestly makes Arthur Birling’s views seem foolish, and writes him to be an ignorant and stupid character that is clueless about society and how the community can work together. Birling says â€Å"†¦the Titanic†¦unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable† and by this, I can recognise how commanding Birling is. I can also identify by how he speaks that he thinks his word is final, and that his decision means everything, even about the sinking of the Titanic. We know that the Titanic did sink, therefore making Birling seem foolish and arrogant. It is a brilliant example of dramatic irony, because the audience know that everything that Birling said would not happen, eventually did happen, and even causes a stir of inner hate at his socialist arrogance and his lack of care for society. This would have been important when this play was written, because England at this time was a Socialist country. We can tell from the stage directions on page eleven that the inspector gives an â€Å"impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness†. By directing the Inspector to seem purposeful, the audience begin questioning his true role in the play is he more important than just a police inspector? What exactly does he represent? We question this because of his behaviour towards the family; any traditional or ‘normal’ inspector of the time would’ve been empathetic towards the Birling’s situation and may have been capitalist too. When addressing people, the inspector stares them down and they begin explaining their encounter with Eva Smith. He has a â€Å"disconcerting habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before actually speaking†. This could scare or worry the family members into unfolding the story of how they all played a part in Eva Smith’s death. Either that or maybe his purposefulness may exist only in his gaze, which he uses to unravel the story to the family. The stage directions show the inspector’s authority with simple phrases like â€Å"cuting in, with authority†. This implies his voice is the most important, he is speaking out for the dead girl and needs to be heard above the family. This also has a political context; the socialists, who at the time the play was set, were only just getting any kind of authority. Also, as this play represents, socialists grew a voice and soon were beginning to be heard above the capitalists. Birling makes a strongly capitalist speech about how people should look after themselves and that society doesn’t matter. He says â€Å"communityand all that nonsense.† This is a perfect example of how Birling views the community as unnecessary and stupid. He deeply believes that a man should look after himself and his own, and he shows no empathy for the dead girl. Also, Birling’s focus in life is his money and class, which relates to capitalism. Birling’s speech is interrupted by the family’s maid, Edna, who introduces the Inspector. Birling welcomes him but immediately becomes defensive and boastful. The Inspector, however, is not phased. The emphasis on the Inspector’s determination and confidence shows how in control he is. He hushes the family so he can speak by â€Å"cutting in massively†, another portrayal of how commanding he is and his authority over the family. This is also represented by his knowledge, and the way he unnerves Sheila and Eric with his understanding of the whole situation. After leaving the room during Sheila and Gerald’s talk, the Inspector asks â€Å"Well?, showing the audience he already knows about Gerald’s affair to Daisy Renton. During his enquiries, the Inspector remains entirely in control; at times, he is able to â€Å"massively take charge†. Sheila regards him â€Å"wonderingly and dubiously†, later she realises no-one told him anything that he didn’t already know. Through his creation of the powerful, all-knowing nature of the character of the Inspector, and through the revelation of the incredible but very real chain of events in which every character is involved, Priestly successfully moves his audience beyond the bounds of naturalism. It is the unreal quality of the Inspector and his final prophecy of â€Å"fire and blood and anguish† referring to World War One which would start only two years after this play was set that successfully imbues the Inspector with an almost supernatural intelligence. To the Inspector, Eva Smith represents all the ‘lower class’ socialists of the time. The surname ‘Smith’ was very common at this time, again representing a vast quantity of people who were finding working life difficult. It is this that again makes us question the Inspector’s existence was he simply a voice for the lower, working class citizens of England? He says â€Å"there are millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us†¦intertwines with our lives†. He is explaining that by the family realising the consequences of their actions towards Eva Smith, they should reform themselves and treat everyone with respect. The Inspector’s timing is almost perfect, both upon arrival and when leaving. He arrives during Birling’s capitalist speech, representing how socialism would soon overpower capitalism. Also, the lighting changes, emphasising the Inspector’s important and authority in the play. The Inspector leaves at the end of his speech, which of course completely contrasts with what Birling was talking about in the beginning. The Inspector leaves just before Gerald’s return, who explains t the family that Inspector Goole is not a real inspector. This magnifies the Inspector’s mysterious character and leaves the family and the audience questioning his existence and purpose in the play.

Dealing With Restroom Use During Class

Dealing With Restroom Use During Class How do you handle requests from students to go to the bathroom during class? Every so often you will see a news story about a teacher who did not let a child use the bathroom during class causing them to have an embarrassing accident. Restroom use during class is a sticky issue that deserves some thought so that you do not end up on the news. We have all experienced sitting in a meeting when we really have to use the restroom. People retain less information when they are focused on their need to relieve themselves. Therefore, it is important that you provide a way for students to use the restroom, while  at the same time maintain control within your classroom. Issues With Restroom Use A couple of issues exist that cause teachers to be wary of allowing  restroom use during class. It can be very disruptive. One of the most annoying things to a teacher is trying to hold a classroom discussion and when they call on a student who has raised their hand, the only thing they do is ask if they can go to the bathroom.It can be easily abused. Every teacher has encountered a student who does not have a medical issue yet asks to go to the bathroom each and every day.Roaming the halls is not acceptable. Most schools have strict policies concerning who can be out of class. This helps the school maintain control and keeps disruption to other classes to a minimum. You dont want to be in the hot seat by allowing too many students to leave your class at once or by having your students cause a problem when they are supposed to be in your class. Ideas to Help Control Restroom Use What can you do to allow students to go to the bathroom when they really need to but at the same time maintain control? Make it a policy that only one student can go to the bathroom at a time from your class. This relieves the problem of having too many students out at once.Give students a limit to the amount of time they are allowed out. This will help cut down on students taking advantage of leaving the class. You will need to come up with a discipline plan associated with this to help with enforcement.Institute a policy that students cannot ask to go to the restroom until you are at your desk or at a minimum not addressing the entire class. This is fine but remember that if a student has a medical issue of which you have been informed then they should be allowed to leave when it is necessary. You might want to consider creating a special pass for them for this purpose.Track who is going each day if you think there is an issue. If a student is abusing the privilege talk to them about it. If this does not stop the behavior, call and talk to their parents. There may be situations where a student abuse s the privilege every day without a medical reason. In one example, when the teacher denied the student the ability to go one day, the parents called and complained causing a lot of problems for this particular teacher. A call to the parents before instituting the policy with that student could have helped because they would not be getting the story just from their child. Restroom use can quickly become an emotionally charged subject. Make sure that you spend some time creating and perfecting your own restroom use plan so that you can stay focused on teaching and not on this issue. You can refer to How to Create a Restroom Pass System for more ideas.

Macroeconomic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Macroeconomic - Essay Example Climate change may no longer be ignored and new policy points to carbon tax to deter carbon emissions. Immigration is another pressing issue where major reform may soon be in the works. The Democratic from Latinos signify a possible policy change in their favour. Finally, Mideast tension is a complicated problem where the author said that â€Å"Obama’s biggest second-term job is avoiding World War III† (49). A fiscal policy that promotes revenue generation through taxes paves the way for government to have an increased budget for government expenditure and avoid budget deficit. Federal expenditures account for â€Å"(1) pension and income security, (2) national defense, (3) health and (4) interest on the public debt† (McConnell and Brue 85). The taxes that may be accumulated from carbon tax will address the prevalent environmental issues and these funds will most likely be used to promote environmental measures in avoidance of natural disasters. Allowing a lenient immigration policy is perceived to reduce employment opportunities to resident citizens. However, this issue is more often a matter of social justice and existing illegal immigrants settle for unsatisfactory working conditions. An increase in population concurrently leads to a parallel increase in federal expenditures. The same assessment is true for engaging in war which accounts for large budget deficits and public de bt since it reallocates economic resources for war goods such as military spending for their personnel and armaments (ibid

Need to be paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Need to be paraphrase - Essay Example This research paper provides how Value Stream mapping a lean tool can be used for the achievement of effective environmental waste management. Value Stream mapping techniques as a lean management tools is effective as it identifies the underlying issues or problem and maps out how it can be addressed both in the current and in the future. The application of this construction lean tool is investigated through the examination of the various construction projects taking out analysis on each stage. The findings in regard to these construction firms study are analysed determining its green lean approach and its environmental sustainability. INTRODUCTION The art of construction is one of the core pillars of any country economic growth. Despite of its importance this aspect of economic growth has its underlying problems attributed to it. It is notable that most construction works and operations results into production of waste commonly in areas where demolition work is in progress. Accordin g to Green (1999) in his research asserts that most of the stakeholders of the construction works do not take into account its implications to the environment before undertaking them. This aspect has led to the stakeholders applying lean management tools to mitigate the impacts and keeping the environment green. Green brings forward the concept of lean construction which mainly involves the incorporation of lean thinking in construction. Koskela (1992) adds that lean construction improves the reliability and quality. The research on lean manufacturing is essential in ensuring that construction works conform to the environmental conservation measures. As stated earlier that construction sector has been considered to be highly associated with poor management of pollution notably waste management and the general conservation of environment. This has been attributed by adoption of traditional management and sustainability concepts of construction. Thus, due to this deficiencies construc tion firms have shifted towards the adoption of lean construction and the overall sustainability practices in its construction projects (Smith, 2003).. The lead construction initiatives aiming sustainability are based on VSM techniques and the achievement of lean and green sustainability. This management approach of construction projects enhances stakeholder’s efforts in the implementation of sustainability strategies in the construction project stages. The effectiveness and the reliability of VSM techniques is that its system has been integrated with both the production and environmental sustainability (EPA, 2007a). Research on the implementation of the construction lean management techniques in construction work has not been done widely. Stakeholders have overemphasized the aspect of environmental conservation in the design phase instead of the crucial construction phase. Larger amount of waste is realized in the construction phase. This has resulted into intensive research towards the adoption of value stream mapping in the environmental conservation in construction sites. VSM is widely adopted in the manufacturing sector in the management of waste in the whole process and has proved to be effective. Effective adoption f this technique ensures that all the

An Effective Classroom Teacher Essay Example for Free

An Effective Classroom Teacher Essay I believe that with being a teacher comes great responsibility. A teacher will leave a lasting impression on their pupils, they should be free from any prejudice and treat children as individuals by respecting their backgrounds, religion, disability and race. I am extremely concerned about becoming an effective teacher and many factors contribute to this. This essay will highlight my areas of concern and how my initial thoughts have developed during my placement. My areas of concern include planning and executing enjoyable lessons. They also include the strategies I observed the teacher using to mange behaviour in the classroom which is essential for the smooth flow of the day. Confidence is a factor which I feel improves every time you teach, and if lessons are well planned and subject knowledge is secure a teacher would automatically begin to feel confident. I am also concerned about classroom organisation and the implementation of routines. I observed many examples of set routines which the school follow, this is the responsibility of the teacher to enforce and then keep consistent. These are all attributes or responsibilities of an effective teacher and this essay will explore them and discuss possible ways of improving or developing them. I have also included my experience regarding assessment and the importance of identifying strengths and weaknesses to become an effective teacher. Finally, I have included some experiences of my university education which has helped me to identify my areas for concern. I feel that being an effective teacher should involve valuing, gaining and giving respect to the children. I was concerned how this could be achieved. I saw fantastic examples on my school placement which I hope to adopt myself. Every morning the teacher would give the children time to settle on the carpet and instead of talking amongst each other, they would in turn talk to the teacher and the rest of the class, often about issues which were concerning them or something exciting that happened over the weekend. The teacher made sure every child had a chance to talk no matter how trivial. She showed genuine interest in them and never let them feel insignificant. I really admired the teacher for this. I initially thought it was just a nice way to start the morning however, after thinking about it so many strategies are involved and learning taking place. The children develop confidence in talking in front of the class; they are sharing their thoughts and feelings, and learning how to express themselves. The bond of trust is being formed between pupil and teacher. Finally, it is good strategy for managing behaviour. Children learn to listen to each other and they also learn patience and turn-taking. The most effective teachers frequently involved the whole class in discussion and were skilled at doing this, which was not necessarily whole-class teaching as such. (Dean, J. (2001) p.39)Â  Therefore I feel that it is extremely important to value a child despite race, gender, religion or disability. And to truly show an interest in them and respect their thoughts and beliefs. I feel that I established a good relationship with the children and they felt comfortable around me. This is where I felt I was effective in my teaching. All this contributes to being an effective teacher. Mortimore et al. (1988) found that effective teachers gave rewards rather than punishments, as punishments had a negative effect on learning. I observed a great deal of this on my school placement which I quickly adopted. Unwanted behaviour was often ignored until absolutely necessary, whereas good behaviour was praised quickly and an example made of it to the rest of the class. This practise worked, I saw the class react quickly try and act the same way to please the teacher and me as a student teacher. I feel that an effective teacher should have implemented a classroom routine and then to keep it consistent. An arrangement of getting things out and putting away can be made with children. All the children can be given a responsibility of taking care of a small area of the classroom. Places for resources, books etc should have a permanent place and be clearly labelled to enable the children to tidy up efficiently. I also noticed that the class teacher had seated the children in rows on specific places on the carpet. Bennet and Blunder (1983) found that children got more work done when sat in rows. I found that this is an effective classroom management strategy. There are no arguments of sitting next to friends or lack of space. The children know where they sit and with one glance, the teacher can see who is missing and spot ant disruptions. The children were seated on the table in groups according to ability. Independent work was often completed on the tables, however, the child were always given the chance to discuss ideas with each other before asking the teacher for help.

Among School Children :: miscellaneous

Among School Children It’s amazing how you can grow up and forget childhood-excitement, or the feeling of it. I was watching a whole lot of small children a while ago and was sad to realise that I’ve lost some of the wonder of being a child. I was near to a sweet stall and it was amazing to just see the looks on the children’s faces as their gaze fell upon the colourful treasure. Their eyes glowed and all of a sudden their hands transformed into magnets, attracted to the sweets. Some would just walk to the stall, grab a sweet and shove it in their mouth before anyone could stop them. I saw twins, a boy and a girl about two years old. They both had huge blue eyes and couldn’t resist reaching out to the sweets. Their mother tried desperately to stop them and the little girl looked at her with those irresistible eyes and smiled as if to say, â€Å"How can you resist me?† All the while the mother was probably worrying about them getting rotten teeth. We have forgotten the innocence of childhood and sometimes cannot see just the positive aspects of things. Another little girl, about five years old, brought a friend to choose some sweets. While choosing what they wanted, the little girl pointed to some and said, â€Å"Those are bubblegum. But you can’t have them.† Her friend asked her why and she answered, â€Å"Because I’m not allowed to.† We sometimes forget how to appreciate and enjoy a moment to the fullest. When children see their friends it’s as if just seeing them gives them an enormous amount of energy. They run up to them shouting in excitement and immediately they run off together to play. Children are able to show their true emotions in a way grownups can’t/won’t. They don’t worry about other peoples reactions, they act on impulse. Sometimes I think that we burden children with our worries and fears and in a way we steal their treasured childhood. Instead of forcing them to rely on their imagination, we just switch on the television and let actors entertain them. Children become desensitised because we expect them to handle things that are beyond their understanding. We trap their abundant energy by feeding them junk to keep them quiet and buying playstations to keep them occupied instead of letting them run around and play, and then fall asleep, exhausted, to their own dreams not simulated ones.

Buddhist Beliefs

Core beliefs of Buddhism: Buddhism, as a religion, lays great emphasis on the adherence to the basic beliefs. Buddhism, like most of the great religions of the world, is divided into a number of different traditions. However, most traditions share a common set of fundamental beliefs. The basic Buddhist belief comprise of the basic teachings and concepts of Buddhism. Lord Buddha urged His followers to concentrate on the Four Noble Truths, which helps in attaining freedom from suffering. In the following lines, we have provided more information on the basic Buddhism beliefs: The Four Noble Truths: The Buddha's Four Noble Truths explore human suffering. They may be described (somewhat simplistically) as: Dukkha: Suffering exists: (Suffering is real and almost universal. Suffering has many causes: loss, sickness, pain, failure, the impermanence of pleasure. ) Samudaya: There is a cause for suffering. (It is the desire to have and control things. It can take many forms: craving of sensual pleasures; the desire for fame; the desire to avoid unpleasant sensations, like fear, anger or jealousy. ) Nirodha: There is an end to suffering. Suffering ceases with the final liberation of Nirvana (a. k. a. Nibbana). The mind experiences complete freedom, liberation and non-attachment. It lets go of any desire or craving. ) Magga: In order to end suffering, you must follow the Eightfold Path. Another fundamental belief of Buddhism is often referred to as reincarnation — the concept that people are reborn after dying. In fact, most individuals go through many cycles of birth, living, de ath and rebirth. A practicing Buddhist differentiates between the concepts of rebirth and reincarnation. In reincarnation, the individual may recur repeatedly. In rebirth, a person does not necessarily return to Earth as the same entity ever again. He compares it to a leaf growing on a tree. When the withering leaf falls off, a new leaf will eventually replace it. It is similar to the old leaf, but it is not identical to the original leaf. After many such cycles, if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, they can attain Nirvana. This is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering.

The Era Of The American Civil War - 2163 Words

After the American Civil War, a laissez-faire government allowed for a new class of businessmen to rise to power: those who dominated an entire industry, sometimes several markets. They were the hallmark of the so-called Gilded Age, which lasted from the end of reconstruction until the early 1900s. These men, known as Robber Barons, shaped the American economy, necessitating new laws to be signed to limit their power . Although there were only four main Barons (John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and J.P. Morgan), they controlled much of the economy with their four respective trades: Oil, steel, railroads, and banking . Although all four were important, Rockefeller and Carnegie stand head and shoulders above the rest, becoming among the richest and most successful people the world has ever seen with the exception of some royalty. During the Civil War, both the Union and Confederacy converted to â€Å"Total War† economies. With all industries, from manu facturing to agriculture to textiles, focused on the war effort, many relatively new industries grew surpassingly large. Railroads in the North grew by around 16,000 miles, an increase of nearly 75%. However, relatively small companies controlled relatively small sections of track privately. This set the stage for Vanderbilt to begin buying up companies until he controlled one of the largest railroad networks ever seen. The latter parts of the Civil War and the early reconstruction saw the rise of a newShow MoreRelatedPost Civil War: Reconstructive Era and African Americans1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe African American during the Reconstruction Era probably felt victorious as well as discomfited. Prior to the Civil war, slaves vehemently hoped freedom would give them the right of equal status in American society, but to their surprise, their dream of an egalitarian America was impeded after the assassination of President Lincoln. Their lives became drastically different and diffic ult in an era that was increasingly contumacious to their well wishes. The end of the Civil War brought socialRead MoreThe American Civil War1418 Words   |  6 PagesGuns fired, smoke lingering in the air, people dying. The American Civil War had a huge impact on the United States. Two compromises took place before the start of the Civil War. These compromises include the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The Missouri Compromise dealt with the crisis in 1819 over Missouri entering the Union as a slave state. The compromise was â€Å"the first major crisis over slavery, and it shattered a tacit agreement between the two regions that had been in placeRead MoreEssay about The Reconstruction Era: The Planted Seeds1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe first roar of the Civil War ended with a last gasp for air. Where in such a war more than six hundred twenty thousand men sacrificed their lives for their own belief in the abolishment of slavery (â€Å"Civil War Facts†). à ¢â‚¬Å"We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom† (Baslor). These wise words of Abraham Lincoln cleared the way of a desolate trail of violence and pain, yet he was determined to accomplish his plansRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Grave Cause Of Many Events. Many People1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil war was a grave cause of many events. Many people may see the results of the war as a chain reaction to many following eras. One of the most prominent eras that emerged from the civil war was the reconstruction era. The reconstruction era emerged around 1865 and continued until 1877. This time period generally refers to the time in United States history in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union. The States wereRead MoreA Working Polish Man Named Jurgis Rudkus1199 Words   |  5 Pagessocietal influences. -Thesis: Upton SInclair applied aspects of the Civil War in his novel with his views on the treatment of humanity through the use of symbolism, and the presentation of the conflict and resolution. Body Paragraphs Paragraph 1: 1P: The symbolism presented in the novel brings upon the relation of the oppression experienced by the immigrant workers and African American slaves laboring on farms during the Civil War era. E: â€Å"In these chutes the stream of animals was continuously, pressingRead MoreThe End Of The 20th Century1544 Words   |  7 PagesHistory since the end of the Civil War to the end of the 20th century has changed drastically when you asses America on an economic, social, and political level. The changes between the end of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century are the cause in the way America has been shaped and how American’s think. In fact, industrialization and urbanization, equal rights for all citizens, and two world wars played a major role in the shape of America to our understanding. Although, there are numerousRead More`` Ain t I A Woman ``865 Words   |  4 Pageswas very hectic due to the Civil War. For a while, people wanted to get away or hide from their realities when they wrote or read literature. During the Civil War, mindsets changed and people were tired of the fantasies. People craved realistic stories with real, life-like endings. Realist w riters answered the cry of Americans who wanted to explore realistic literature; Sojourner Truth’s â€Å"Ain’t I A Woman† is a true representation of literature during the realistic era. The start of realism inRead MoreOrigin Of And Role Played By Manifest Destiny1323 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States’ population had more than quadrupled and Americans believed God had destined that they span the entire North America from one coast to the other. Although the term â€Å"Manifest Destiny† was used to typify the 1840s American expansionistic exuberance, it can be broadly used to characterize any country’s imperialistic thrusts (Harriet). In this regard, Utah, the indigenous American Indians, faced expansionistic archetypes with the Americans, Spanish imperialists, European and French fur tradersRead MoreEssay about Hist204 African American Annotated Bibliography1098 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Americans Hester 1 The African American race and the events they have been involved in from 1865- resent day, have single handedly contributed to and shaped the race they are today and the issues they deal with now. There are six specific areas of history that had great impact an effect on shaping African Americans, their culture, the society, and even social status to date. These events include The Civil War, this marked the beginning of freedom for blacks or so they thought. It directlyRead More The Progressive Era Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesStates. The progressive era was a time in which Americans were innovating in social welfare. In the progressive period the government needed to take action in the role of economy, regulating big business, immigration, and urban growth. Once the great depression happened in which America’s economy faltered people started to panic. For Americans the main issues asked were how to make society work more efficiently. The great society era was a time of opt imism after the post-world war II occurred. The creations

The Benefits of Capital Punishment Essay - 1044 Words

The Benefits of Capital Punishment Justice is about enforcing consequences for one’s own actions to endorse personal responsibility and the notion of capital punishment does just that. Capital punishment is an effective and efficient method of deterring would be criminals and preventing criminals to commit more crimes. It is by far the oldest form of punishment in the world and remains in effect in many nations. Through discussing many arguments in support of capital punishment it is obvious why this method of punishment is so controversial and why it should remain in effect today, regardless of the negative criticism it garners. Capital punishment has been used in the United States since the execution of Daniel Frank of†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the evidence of these two respectable studies illustrates that implementation of the death penalty correlates with a drop in the homicide rate. Another argument for the death penalty is that putting a murderer away for life is not good enough. Laws change, parole boards do not remain the same, people forget the past, etc. It is these things that indefinitely cause life imprisonment to weather away. As long as the murderer is still alive, there is a chance that he or she may kill again. A perfect example of this occurred in the case of â€Å"Dawud Mu’Min, who was serving a 48-year sentence for the 1973 murder of a cab driver when he escaped a road work gang and stabbed to death a store keeper in a 1988 robbery that only netted $4.00.† Fortunately, there is no chance that he will commit another murder again as he was executed by the state of Virginia in 1997 (Wesley Lowe’s Pro Death Penalty Webpage, Online). This argument in support of capital punishment goes to show that this is the reasoning why people who truly value public safety, believe there is no substitute for the death penalty. The argument of the constitutionality of capital punishment is also an extremely controversial argument. Many abolitionists claim that the death penalty is â€Å"unconstitutional and forbids cruel and unusual punishment† (Wesley Lowe’s Pro Death Penalty Webpage, Online). However, closerShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment1406 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment Many positions can be defended when debating the issue of capital punishment. In Jonathan Glovers essay Executions, he maintains that there are three views that a person may have in regard to capital punishment: the retributivist, the absolutist, and the utilitarian. Although Glover recognizes that both statistical and intuitive evidence cannot validate the benefits of capital punishment, he can be considered a utilitarian because he believes that social usefulness isRead MoreCapital Punishment1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty has been around for many centuries and will probably be around for many to come. Although some citizens feel capital punishment is ethically wrong, it is necessary in today s society for various reasons. Society must be kept safe from the barbaric acts of murders and rapist, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. Most criminals don t take into account the results of their actions. If a person intending to commit a crime, sees another criminal put toRead More Capital Punishment Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pages Capital Punishment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many positions can be defended when debating the issue of capital punishment. In Jonathan Glovers essay quot;Executions,quot; he maintains that there are three views that a person may have in regard to capital punishment: the retributivist, the absolutist, and the utilitarian. Although Glover recognizes that both statistical and intuitive evidence cannot validate the benefits of capital punishment, he can be considered a utilitarian becauseRead MoreArguing Against Capital Punishment1591 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate over capital punishment, the opponents argue that capital punishment should not be practiced because it has a civilizing effect and practicing capital punishment has do deterrent effect. On the other side of the debate, the supporters argue that capital punishment should not be abolished because it is just retribution and has a deterrent effect. In this paper, I will argue that capital punishment should not be practiced. In the article titled, â€Å"The Folly of Capital Punishment,† Jeffrey ReimanRead MoreAristotle And Confucius Maintained An Ethical Position On Capital Punishment967 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Aristotle and Confucius maintained an ethical position concerning capital punishment. While we can safely assume Aristotle believed capital punishment is appropriate under certain circumstances, Confucius generally argued against the death penalty. Nevertheless, both ethical viewpoints find some common ground where capital punishment can be justified. Aristotle s theory of justice offers an outline for a system of justice, of which the death penalty for appropriate crimes is acceptable. HisRead MoreShould There be a Capital Punishment in Kazakhstan?862 Words   |  3 Pages Capital punishment or execution is the legal process of putting a person to death as a punishment for committed crime. The death penalty is legal in many countries as Iran, USA, China, India and Sudan. However, other countries, including Kazakhstan, find it cruel and violent. This essay indicates are there more benefits or drawbacks in using capital punishment in Kazakhstan. This research will begin by evaluating the social factors of capital punishment then it will proceed to investigate theRead MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1303 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment: The Benefits and Downfalls Taylor M. Osborne Charleston Southern University Abstract The following essay explores the pros and cons of capital punishment. A brief history of how capital punishment was introduced into modern society is included. Various resources have been used for research which include online articles, studies, and textbook references. This paper suggests the costs of capital punishment to be very high, but brings closure and justice to families, and evenRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Allowed955 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is execution, which can furthermore be identified as the death penalty, has been a hot topic in the public eye for a while. The question on lots of minds is whether it is acceptable for the state to terminate one’s life for the crime they have committed. A significant question that we will address is whether or not capital punishment should be allowed. By inquiring more information about this topic people should be able to formulate their own opinions on this debate. As I beganRead MoreThe Ethics of Capi tal Punishment Essay examples1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States only 38 states have capital punishment statutes. As of year ended in 1999, in Texas, the state had executed 496 prisoners since 1930. The laws in the United States have change drastically in regards to capital punishment. An example of this would be the years from 1968 to 1977 due to the nearly 10 year moratorium. During those years, the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment violated the Eight Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment. However, this ended in 1976, whenRead More Capital Punishment Is A Deterrent To Crime Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment has ended the lives of criminals for centuries. People have debated whether the government should have the power to decide one person’s life. On one side, people think the government does not have the right to play God as well as believe that the death penalty is simply unethical. Forty-eight percent of a half sam ple survey stated that life imprisonment was a better punishment for murder while forty-seven percent stated that capital punishment was a better punishment (Newport)

Educational Leadership Poverty And Learning - 1420 Words

Author/Title (in APA format): Payne, R. (2008). Educational Leadership: Poverty and Learning: Nine Powerful Practices Link: http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/apr08/vol65/num07/Nine-Powerful-Practices.aspx. Research Problem/Issue: Children of poverty with little proper education habitually pick up how to talk, act, and obtain information in a method that battles with how education transpires in school. So, teaching students of poverty requires a different approach (Payne, 2008). Purpose of the Research: Making sure educators and teachers recognize the trials they will have to overcome when trying to educate children of poverty (Payne, 2008). Research Question(s): What can schools do to address poverty? How does†¦show more content†¦The relationship built between educators and children of poverty helped them realize that education is a tool that can brighten their circumstances and future. Controversies/Disagreements with other Researchers: That poverty is the same with every household and individual. Limitations of the Study: There is no singular form of poverty, so it’s hard to treat each individual situation and family the same. Implications for Theory, Practice, and Future Research: Evaluating educated students who have overcome poverty through educational growth. Topic 2: Class size and student achievement Author/Title (in APA format): Link: www.centerforpubliceducation.org/class-size-and-student-achievement Research Problem/Issue: The relationship between class size and student achievement. Purpose of the Research: To show that when class size drops, programs are well designed and once applied student academic achievement will rise. Research Question(s): What’s the connection between smaller class size and higher student achievement? Is it the quality of the teacher or the size of the class that drives students to academic success? Sample: Methodology and Design: A four-year committed High School study called Project star involving 80 schools from 42 school districts, and 7,000 k-3 students from families ranging from very poor to veryShow MoreRelatedThe Driving Force Behind Designing An Educational Plan779 Words   |  4 Pageswith individual educational needs. Educators are tasked with examining students as individuals and determining the best course of action for each student to learn and achieve. The driving force behind designing an educational plan that addresses individual students’ needs is courageous leadership that is willing to implement change. Additionally, educators must consider socioeconomic differences of student populations. Finally, schools must move beyond traditional universal learning and find ways toRead MoreAmerica s Expectations Regarding Public Education1685 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens during a specific time. As Americans become more informed (educated), their opinions, ideas, and t hinking change. America’s expectations concerning public education have evolved as well. The demands that are placed on states, districts, and leadership are becoming more intense; yet, our culture still believes that public education is faltering. Educating, empowering, and engaging students to be successful in a global, dynamic world is an overarching theme in the 21st century. However, our curricularRead MorePoverty Affects Student Education Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty Affects Student Education Catrina Smith COMM/215 August 4, 2010 Dr. Spann Poverty Affects Student Education What is poverty and how can we limit it in student’s educational success? According to the U.S. Census Bureau, â€Å"more than 11 million kids in the US live below the poverty line and do not have the basic supplies that they need to succeed.† Students all around the world are faced with many problems in their life at some point or another. Teenagers, sometimes haveRead MoreBuilding A Space Where Student And School Success Are Measured Not Only By Standardized Test Scores930 Words   |  4 Pagespillars of learning, that leverages student experimentation, trust, and shared access to power and decision-making. This will be a place where students defined as at-risk by the traditional school system will learn from cultivated relationships with mentors and peers, where (in line with the concept of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:) students have all they need to achieve healthy lives, where students come to grow in purpose, and where the curriculum challenges them to demonstrate their learning throughRead MoreManaging And Leading Teaching Assistants1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthe critical issue of support for teachers in the classroom, by increasing the numbers of TAs in schools by 20,000 (Blatchford et al, 2003). The use of support staff in the classroom to assist students who experience some kind of difficulty in learning or physical disability is common practise in many schools these days. Almost all teachers will have daily contact with TAs and many have some management responsibilities for TAs as they direct them in their classes. For many schools funding in-classRead MoreThe Educational Plan For Education837 Words   |  4 PagesSchool leaders strive to create the best learning environment within the school they operate; however, the teachers are the ones to implement the grand educational plan. In their journey to achieve excellence, the teachers must consider multiple factors that will have an effect on students’ psychological and social development. In addition, the issue of minorities is changing the dynamics of education. While student populations were never really homogeneous, the past couple of decades of exceptionalRead MoreLeadership Style Research Has Been Conducted Examining1555 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership style research has been conducted examining multiple variables and settings, but the review of literature shows a need for more analysis of how such styles are being viewed by teachers in both high poverty and low poverty settings. School climate differences also need further examin ation to determine if teachers perceive their school climate differently in high poverty and low poverty schools. Chapter three describes the sampling procedures, research methodology, instrumentation, dataRead MoreLinda Cliatt Wayman Is A Poverty Stricken And Crime Ridden North Philadelphia High School1101 Words   |  5 PagesLinda Cliatt-Wayman is a school principal for Strawberry Mansion High School, a poverty stricken and crime ridden North Philadelphia high school. This year, I watched her Ted Talk as she explained how she reformed this low-performing school and tackled problems from garbage issues to funding for more teachers. She said, â€Å"We have to make sure that every school that serves children in poverty is a real school†¦that provides them with knowledge and mental training to navigate the world around them.†Read MoreCharacteristics Of Effective Leadership Behavior Of Secondary School Principals Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pages(1990) ‘A study of the characteristics of effective leadership behaviour of secondary school Principals’, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Cited in MB. Buch Fifth Survey of Educational Research (Vol. II) NCERT, New Delhi, Pp.879-880. DFID (2000) ‘Poverty Elimination and the Empowerment of Women Gender Inequality poverty and human Development’, UNESCO Publication. Diwan, R. (1993) ‘PhD (Education) in MB. Buch Sixth Survey of Educational Research’ (Vol. II) NCERT, New Delhi, Pp. 503-504. Read MoreThe Importance Of Education In Education1303 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican equity because â€Å"Only 28% of high school graduates from high-poverty schools enrolled in four-year universities, compared to 52% of graduates from low-poverty schools† (Chen, pg 3). This is a very important problem because the education system isn’t helping students â€Å"dig their way out of the poverty into which they were born† (Chen, pg 3). The inequality of the educational system affects students that are growing up in poverty because they aren’t given the opportunity to make a change in society

How Do Submarines Work Essay Example For Students

How Do Submarines Work Essay The History of SubmarinesIn the year 2000, the American submarine force will celebrate the first century of service by highly skilled people in some of the most technologically advanced vessels ever built. The past 100 years have witnessed the evolution of a force that mastered submersible warfare, introduced nuclear propulsion to create the true submarine, and for decades patrolled the deep ocean front line; the hottest part of an otherwise Cold War. Submarines in WarThe U.S. Navys involvement with the submarine dates form 1888 when the Bureau of Construction and Repair (BUCR) sponsored a design competition that brought John Holland a naval contract to build the experimental Plunger. As the new century dawned, prominent American naval leaders like Admiral George Dewey called the submarine a real threat to international surface forces, leading the Navy to acquire its first submarine in 1900. Overcoming competition from fellow American inventor, Simon Lake, Holland sold his newest model, Holland VI, to the Navy for $160,000 on April 11. This 64-ton submarine commissioned as USS Holland, or SS-1, on October 12 of the same year, was equipped with an Otto-type gasoline engine for surface running and electric motors for submerged operations. Due to the volatility of gasoline, American submersible designs soon followed the French practice, adopting the diesel engine in 1909 with the Electric Boat Companys F class (SS-20 through 23), built at Union Iron Works in San Francisco. Combining the influence of diesel propulsion with the submersible designs of Holland and Lake, American submersibles took a familiar configuration through American entry into the Great War. Submarines of the E, H, K, L, M, N, O, and R classes and ranged in displacement form 287 to 510 tons, with the fastest boats displaying a top surface speed of barely 14 knots on diesel power. During World War I the U.S. Navy separated these submersibles into two groups according to mission. Boats of the N and O classes, as well as some of the E type, patrolled American coasts and harbors following a defensive strategy. Other submarines drew assignments that sent them to hostile European waters after 1917. Some K-, L-, O-, and E-class boats conducted offensive, open-sea operations from the Azores and Bantry Bay in Ireland. They supported the Allied effort to maintain open sea lanes along the European coast and in the approaches to the British Isles. The Nay Departments plans for these vessels reflected the prevailing surface warfare thinking, which perceived the submersible as a type of destroyer or torpedo boat that should operate with the battle fleet. Thus the first foray into submarine design by the Bureau of Steam Engineering produced the faster 15-knot, 800 ton, S-class submarine in 1916 with the assistance of Electric Boat received a commission to design the three boats of the 20-knowt T, or AA class, with a normal displacement of 1107 tons. On paper these characteristics, adopted during the First World War, brought the Navy one step closer to the fleet submarine, a submersible that could kee p the pace with the battle fleet. Shaping an IdentityThe German U-boats of the 1914-1918 conflict gave the American officers and designers reason for pause. Physically durable, powered by very reliable diesels, technically blessed with the very long sea legs, they provided the paradigm for American interwar development. At the same time, the 1916 vintage American S-class proved a virtual clinic for basic design mistakes, burdened with the difficult metallurgical problems and very unreliable diesels. While Rear Admirals Harry Yarnell and Samuel Robinson, successive interwar chiefs of the Bureau of Engineering, worked to remedy the technical flaws with solutions form European and American engineering practice, the community of submarine officers struggled with a problem even more fundamental than propulsion. How should the Navy use submarines? What was their proper strategic role? During the interwar period influential officers like Captains Thomas Hart and Yates Stirling Jr., Admirals Henry Wiley and Frank Schofield, and the innovative commander Thomas Withers debated these issues with the German paradigm in mind. Unfortunately, this model did not offer easy direction. While the German commercial warfare strategy and independent patrol tactics had great effect on the war effort of the Entente and its allies, incidents like the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania painted this style of warfare with a dark brush, suggesting immorality when submersibles operated without rest riction. Only a subtle formula could help American submariners address questions of identity and mission in such a political environment. Since the state of design and propulsion technology would not permit American industry to build a submarine durable and fast enough to keep pace with the battlefleet, operating with surface ships on a regular basis seemed unlikely. This forced submarine strategists like Withers to look more closely at independent patrols and a model that approximated the World War I German experience. On isolationist postwar America, however, this option brought with it the ethical burden of unrestricted U-boat warfare and civilian casualties, something a Navy diminished by the Washington Treaties did not care to assume. Thus, American submarine strategy could not include unrestricted submarine warfare, which might turn neutral commercial vessels and innocent civilians into victims. American officers realized that war in all of its brutality, not peacetime politics or worthy ethical concerns, would determine the future challenges faced by the submarine force. In spite of official policy, the boats under construction in the 1930s reflected assertive, offensive strategic thinking as the country came to terms with the Depression under Franklin Roosevelt and the Bureaus of Construction and Repair and Engineering resolved the submarine engineering and propulsion slimes. The new Salmon-Sargo designs were intended for long-range independent patrols, with the requisite food, fuel, and weapons capacity. In addition, the fleet exercises and war game scenarios during the late 1930s permitted these vessels to attack warships, convoy escort ships, and even certain convoys identified as critical to enemy logistical support. By 1940, the submarine force had answered its fundamental strategic questions and had the vessels to carry out the consequent roles and missions. Thus, wh en Admiral Thomas Hart proclaimed unrestricted submarine warfare against Japan on December 8, 1941, it came as no surprise. the submarine force know what to do. VictoryEmploying the extremely reliable boats of the Gato, Balao, and Tench classes, the submarine force scored the most complete victory of any force in any theater of the war. In spite of a hesitant beginning due to the Pearl Harbor surprise and difficulties with the defective torpedoes, the submarine force destroyed 1,314 enemy ships for 5.3 million tons which translated into fifty-five percent of all enemy ships lost. Out of 16,000 submariners, the force lost 375 officers and 3,131 enlisted men in fifty-two submarines, the lowest casualty rate of any combatant submarine service on any side in the 1939-1945 conflict. While the Japanese advanced quickly after Pearl Harbor and the Navy struggled to recover from December 7, 1941, the submarine force brought the war to the enemy operating from Pearl Harbor, and Australian bases at Freemantle, and Brisbane. Submarines played a variety of roles in the war effort, demonstrating the versatility of stealth. Among those allied warships regularly able to penetrate Japanese controlled areas, American submarines had extraordinary success against both Japanese merchantmen and warships. The late summer of 1942, Lieutenant Commander Henry C. Bruton in command of USS Greenling on her third war patrol destroyed 32,050 toms of enemy merchant shipping and damaged a 22,000 ton converted carrier. Bruton ended the war ranked thirteenth among the submarine forces aces. Refining their methods of attack made American submariners the worst enemy of any ship flying the Japanese flag. In early 1943, USS Wahoo put to sea on her third war patrol under the command of Lieutenant Commander Dudley W. Morton. Morton and his executive officer, Lieutenant Richard OKane, implemented and further refined a new method of attack suggested by Admiral James Fife, commander of the American submarines operating out of Brisbane. While OKane manned the periscope and made all of the observations, Morton was left free to evaluate the entire combat situation, making possible swift, informed, and effective approach and attack decisions. The talent of Morton and OKane as well as their new command and control procedure enabled Wahoo to sink 31,890 tons of Japanese shipping on that patrol. Morton received the first of four Navy Crosses and his ship took home a Presidential Unit Citation. Later in the war, as commanding officer of USS Tang, Richard OKane received the Congressional Medal of Honor and became the Submarine Forces leading ace of the war, credited with destroying 31 ships for 227,800 tons. In addition, Submarines played both humane and special operations roles in their campaign against Japan. In many of the hardest fought battles of the war submarine crews rescued unlucky carrier pilots who ended up in the sea, like future president, George Bush. Fleet submarines also delivered troops tasked with special missions against Japanese Pacific strongholds. In August 1942, USS Nautilus SS-169 and USS Argonaut SS-165 delivered Marine Colonel Evans F. Carlsons Raiders to Makin Island. Upon completing their mission to reconnoiter the island and destroy its most important facilities, the two submarines picked up the Marines and returned to Pearl Harbor. In the final months of the war, American submarines had difficulty finding targets because the Japanese had virtually no ships left the sink. Undaunted, submarine commanders pursued the enemy into his harbors and hiding places. Employing newly developed FM sonar sets, American submarines penetrated the minefields of closely guarded Japanese home waters to seek out warships and supply ships at anchor. There was no place to hide. The silent victory was complete. Deep Ocean, Cold WarUndersea warfare underwent a revolution after World War II and the American submarine force led the way. Building on the advanced submarine designs created by the Germans during World War II, the Navy anticipated submarines of the future going deeper, staying there longer, and moving much faster. Indeed, in reports submitted in 1949 and 1950, naval and civilian advisors suggested that advanced German U-boat technology exploited by the Soviets might present the most potent postwar naval threat to the United States. No warship of the time could effectively detect and track a submarine like the German Type 21 which could sustain a 17 knot submerged speed for at least thirty minutes. Almost immediately after the war, the submarine force began experimenting with high speed, sophisticated silencing techniques, sensitive sonic detection, and deeper diving. the result took the shape of the greater underwater propulsive power, or Guppy, conversions which changed the configuration of wartime submersibles to enhance submerged speed and hydrodynamic efficiency. The Tang class, the first truly new postwar construction, represented an initial step on a new road toward greater speed and endurance below the surface. It also provided the basic hull form used for the first true submarine. USS Nautilus went to sea propelled by a pressurized water nuclear plant in January 1955 and set a new standard for this type of vessel. Its submerged endurance was limited only by the crews periodic need to see both their families and the light of day. Rather than a surface ship capable of submerging when the need arose, this submarines natural environment lay below the surface. Seawolf and the Skate class hunter-killer submarines quickly followed Nautilus and together they demonstrated the new extent of submarine effectiveness, from the deep ocean, to the shallows, to the polar regions. This was the vessel John Holland wanted to create but could not because of the limits of science and technology at the turn of the century. Land, Sea, and AirThe advent of nuclear submarines provided the final piece to a number of promising technical puzzles. The quest for the greater submerged speed, initiated in earnest after 1945, found its way to the Navys David Taylor Model Basin just as Admiral Hyman Rickovers nuclear propulsion project succeeded with Nautilus. the research at David Taylor provided insights into the ideal hull form for high speed submarines. With the conventionally-powered experimental Albacore, submariners reached an extraordinary submerged speed. In the fast attack submarine SSN USS Skipjack the endurance of nuclear propulsion and the highspeed of the Albacore teardrop hull came together to form the new paradigm. Every American submarine since 1958 has followed the same basic formula. The attack submarines proved very effective during the Cold War in addressing the Soviet submarine threat in the north Atlantic and Northwest Pacific through surveillance and deterrence. The Nautilus-Albacore combination also served to extend the reach of the submarine force. While the Navy experimented with launching air breathing missiles like the Regulus from submarines during the late 1950s, the mobility, stealth, and endurance of nuclear submarines on the Skipjack model proved the ideal platform for launching ballistic missiles. From the Polaris A-1 in 1960, through multiple generations of missile submarines SSBN have provided the ultimate nuclear deterrent. As opposed to easily targeted land-based missiles easily targeted, SSBNs are in constant motion, hiding deep in the ocean, with virtually unlimited endurance, capable of reaching almost any target at the direction of the President. With the current Ohio class SSBNs the submarine force employs this is the most effective and survivable component of current American strategic nuclear defense. Since the 1970s, the submarine force has also provided the Navy with a stealthy way of applying tactical firepower against land and sea targets. These were ballistic missile submarines. This class incorporated tremendous improvements in noise quieting, ease of maintenance and performance over earlier designs. In addition, this class introduced a more accurate and longer range missile that eliminated the need for these submarines to be homeported overseas. Submarine Roles and MissionsThe fundamental changes in the U.S. Submarine Force since the end of the Cold war involve major shifts in submarine warfighting concepts and doctrine, form the deterrence of global war to the support of U.S. national interests in regional crises and conflicts; from a primary Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) orientation against nuclear powered submarines to taking full advantage of the modern submarines multi-mission capabilities; from weapon loadouts of primarily MK 48 torpedoes to Tomahawk Land-Attack missiles or other weapons. This changing operational context has rippled through all elements of U.S. submarine operations, from peacetime presence to strategic deterrence. The transitions in the submarine force follow directly from the transitions in the world order and the evolving nature of the U.S. Navy. The world order has shifted from bi-polar super power alignment to a multi-polar collection of interests. While the likelihood of global conflict is greatly reduced, there is an increasing chance of regional conflict. The composition and operational posture of the U.S. Navy reflects this, having changed from a blue water emphasis to a littoral emphasis. For the submarine force this has meant several changes in roles:*Prior to the end of the Cold War, Anti-Submarine Warfare was the major role for U.S. Attack Submarines. Now U.S. submarines are more multi-mission oriented. Info EssayThe United States entered World War I with a total of 24 diesel powered submarines. They did not see a great deal of action, and in the small number of encounters with the enemy they were unable to confirm a single victory. The U-boats of Germany, however, were to demonstrate the vital role of the submarine in any future conflict. After the war the Navy continued to build up its submarine force and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in New Hampshire became one of the largest submarine builders in America. Between 1924 and 1929 the Portsmouth yard designed and built five 381-foot, V-class submarines and between 1932 and 1941, an additional 22 submarines in the 1500-ton category. It was during this period that the first all-welded submarine, USS Pike, was completed. The welded hull allowed Pike to submerge to much greater depths than her predecessors and at the same time provided greater protection against depth-charge attacks. Radar and sonar were World War II innovations. Both were developed by the English to combat German U-boats, but were incorporated into the submarine to warn of airplane attack and counterattack from the surface vessels. Sonar has become the most important of the subs senses. Hydrophones listen for sounds from other ships and the echoes of sound waves signaled the submarine itself. Toward the end of World War II, the Germans perfected a snorkel device which had been invented by the Dutch years before. This device permitted the running of diesel engines while the ship was submerged. The best storage batteries discharged rapidly and limited submergence time. The snorkel greatly increased underwater endurance, but protruded above the surface and could be detected by radar. Although the U.S. Navy still had a relatively small number of submarines when World War II broke out, this fact did little to dampen the spirits of submariners, and the tales of their successes fill countless pages of history books. When the figures were finally tabulated it was found that American submarines sank five and one-half million tons of Japanese shipping during the war which included over half of the entire Japanese merchant fleet. Another significant fact is that U.S. submarines accounted for about 60% (over 1,300 ships) of all Japanese tonnage sunk, yet the submarine strength at tha t time comprised less than 2% of the entire U.S. fleet. Such advancements as sonar, radar and the snorkel came about as a result of the pressures of World War II, and the U.S. Navy was quick to improve these systems and incorporate the lessons of the war into its modern submarine force. One of the first results of this scientific and technological advance was the conversion of WW II Fleet submarines to Guppy types. As part of this conversion, the guppies were streamlined to give them more speed and they were fitted with more modern radar and sonar systems. Then with the introduction of nuclear power, the submarine of old became a true submarine a ship with greater endurance than its human engineers. Many records have already been chalked up by the nuclear powered submarine, and many more are still to come. The first American submarine is as old as the United States itself. David Bushnell, a Yale graduate, designed and built a submarine torpedo boat in 1776. The one-man vessel submerged by admitting water and surfaced by pumping it out with a hand pump. Powered by a pedal-operated screw and armed with a keg of powder, the egg-shaped Turtle gave Revolutionary Americans high hopes for a secret weapon a weapon which could destroy the British war-ships anchored in New York Harbor. The keg of powder was to be attached to an enemy ships hull and detonated by time fuses. However, a boring device which was operated form inside the oak-planked Turtle failed to penetrate the copper-hulled vessel. Since the keg could not be attached, the project was abandoned, but not before an actual attempt was made to blow up HMS Eagle. Then came another American, Robert Fulton, who successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Fultons cigar-shaped Nautilus had a kite like sail for surface power. It also carried flasks of compressed air which permitted the two-man crew to remain submerged for five hours. Today, nuclear powered submarines carry compressed oxygen to help renew the air supply during underwater periods. William Bauer, a German, built a submarine Kiel in 1850, but met with little success. Bauers first boat sank in 55 feet of water. He opened the flood valves to equalize the pressure inside the submarine so the escape hatch could be opened. Bauer had to convince two terrified seamen this was the only means of escape. When the water was at chin level, the men were shot to the surface with a bubble of air that blew the hatch open. Bauers simple technique was rediscovered years later and modern submarines have escape compartments which operate on that principle. The USS Skate was the lead ship of the first production class of four nuclear propelled submarines and was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole. The USS Triton was the first submarine ever built with two reactor plants. In addition, until the commissioning of the Ohio-Class Ballistic Missile Submarines, the Triton was the longest submarine ever built by the U.S. Navy. The USS Halibut, the first submarine designed and built for the specific purpose of serving as a platform to fire guided missiles. The USS Skipjack was the first nuclear-powered submarine built with the Albacore hull design. It also was the first nuclear submarine with a single propulsion shaft and screw. Another first was mounting bow planes on the sail which reduced flow noise at the bow-mounted sonar. Deep-diving and high speed capabilities were the result of HY-80 construction and a new reactor design, the S5W. This reactor became the U.S. Navys standard until the Los Angeles class joined the fleet in the mid-1970s. In 1956, Admiral Burke, then CNO, requested that the Committee on Undersea Warfare of the National Academy of Sciences study the effect of advanced technology on submarine warfare. The result of this study, dubbed Project Nobska was an increased emphasis on deeper-diving, ultraquiet designs utilizing long-range sonar. The USS Tullibee incorporated three design changes bases on Project Nobska. First, it incorporated the first bow-mounted spherical sonar array. This requited the second innovation, amidships, angled torpedo tubes. Thirdly, Tullibee was propelled by a very quiet turboelectric power plant. The Permit class was also based on Project Nobskas recommendations. Hull streamlining, reduction in sail dimensions by approximately 50%, quieting of the S5W reactor plant and an increase in test depth all lead to a dramatic advance in submarine operational capabilities and stealth. The lead ship of this class, the USS Thresher (SSN 593), was lost at sea during post-overhaul trials. Lessons learned from this tragedy resulted in major design and shipboard operational improvements which still influence the submarine force. The USS George Washington (SSBN 598) was the worlds first nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine. Arguably, it can be considered the submarine that has the most influenced world events in the 20th Century. With its entry into the service in December 1959, the U.S. instantly gained the most powerful deterrent force imaginable a stealth platform with enormous nuclear firepower. The Sturgeon class was an extension and improvement on the Permit design. This class of 37 submarines became the workhorse of the fleet form the mid-1960s through the 1980s when the Los Angeles class entered the fleet in large numbers. The USS Narwhal (SSN 671) was built as the prototype platform for an ultra-quiet natural circulation reactor design. This allows for operation with the large water circulating pumps, a major source of radiated noise, secured. It is similar to the Sturgeon design in other respects. The USS Glenard P. Lipscomb (SSN 685) was the U.S. Navys second prototype design using a turbo-electric power plant similar to the Tullibee. While this design is quieter, it is heavier and larger than conventional drive trains. Those disadvantages, along with reliability issues led to the decision not to utilize this design on a wide scale. The Los Angeles class currently serves as the backbone of the submarine fleet and is likely to remain so well into the 21st Century. These submarines are faster, quieter, and far more capable than any of their predecessors. Later ships in the class have incorporated design improvements especially in sonar and electronics areas as well as the addition of external cruise missile launch tubes. Another consideration in the early 1920s was the use of a submarine to forward deploy aircraft. Submarine S-1 was the first U.S. submarine fitted out and extensively tested with a small scout plane. The Cuttlefish was basically an Americanized U-boat. This design incorporated the first complete double hull in a U.S. submarine and had a 11,000 nm radius at 19 kts.. The S-class boats were used as the test platforms for range of sonar designs tested in the 1920s and 1930s. Higher frequencies and small trainable transducers allowed for narrow beam width and exclusion of natural sea noises and other interference. The Porpoise (SS-172) class was the first all-electric drive submarine, and the precursor to the World War II fleet submarines. With its new diesel engine this design had a maximum surface speed of 19 kts. Auxiliary diesels avoided the need to drain the battery while operating surfaced. This reduced battery charging cycles form 150/year or 30/year, greatly extending battery life. Gato (SS 212) provided the prototype design for the World War II vintage submarine. Construction of this class was accelerated in 1940 due to the escalation of the war in Europe. In order to increase production capability the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company in Wisconsin was contracted to build submarines under license from Electric Boat. The advent of the submarine bathothermograph (SBT) in 1942 provided the submarine force with an important tool for covert patrol operations and attacks. Herring (SS-233) was an early example of the successful application of the SBT. Within two years of the end of the war, the U.S. Navy had a functional snorkel mast on an operational, high-speed submarine the Irex (SS 482). The Tang was the first submarine designed for underwater performance rather than surfaced speed and handling. Key features included removing the deck guns, streamlining the outer hull, replacing the conning tower with a sail, installing new propellers designed for submerged operations, installing more air conditioning and a snorkel mast, and doubling the battery capacity. In 1951, the submarine force achieved another important milestone. Guavina (SS 362) used an experimental searchlight sonar to distinguish the sound of signature of Seacat (SS 399) and the fleet tug Salinian (ATF 161) at ranges of 9-10 nm. The experimental submarine Albacore (AGSS-569) introduced the distinctive teardrop shape hull, which has influenced all follow-on submarine designs. This design provided for major advances in noise reduction, underwater speed and the use of low carbon (HY-80) as a structural steel. It also tested the first fiberglass sonar dome, installed in 1953. The first warships built with a teardrop shape hull were the Barbel (SS 580) class. This class was also the first to incorporate a centralized arrangement of ship controls and combat operations, or attack center. The USS Nautilus represented a watershed for the U.S. Navys submarine program. This was the worlds first nuclear-powered submarine, a design improvement which allowed for a dramatic increase in range and operational flexibility. The Nautilus is also credited with forcing the shipbuilders to develop an improved quality control program. The USS Seawolf was the first and only submarine built with a liquid metal nuclear reactor. The liquid metal (sodium) provided a more efficient power plant, but posed several safety hazards for the ship and crew. The SubmarinerOnly a submariner realizes to what great extent an entire ship depends on him as an individual. To a landsman this is not understandable, and sometimes it is even difficult for us to comprehend, but it is so!A submarine at sea is a different world in herself, and in consideration of the protracted and distant operations of submarines, the Navy must place responsibility and trust in the hands of those who take ships to sea. In each submarine there are are men who, in the hour of emergency or peril at sea, can turn to each other. These men are ultimately responsible to themselves and each to the other for all aspects of operation of their submarine. They are the crew. They are the ship. This is perhaps the most difficult and demanding assignment in the Navy. There is not an instant during his tour as a submariner that he can escape the grasp of responsibility. His privileges in view of his obligations are almost ludicruously small, nevertheless, it is the spur which has given the Navy its greatest mariners the men of the Submarine Service. Dolphins, the insignia of the United States Navy Submarine Service, identifies the wearer as qualified in submarines. The enlisted insignia is a silver pin, while the officers insignia is a bronze gold-plated pin. Both signify completion of approximately on year of rigorous qualification. The submarine insignia, designed by Capt. Ernest J. King, was adopted in March 1924. It is a bow view of a submarine proceeding on the surface with bow planes rigged for diving, flanked by dolphins in a horizontal position with their heads resting on the upper edge of the bow planes. The dolphins on this insignia are symbolic of a calm sea and are the traditional attendants of Poseidon, Greek God of the sea. In more recent times, insignias for specialist officers in the submarine force have been developed. These include the Engineering Duty dolphins, Medical Officer dolphins, and Supply Corps dolphins. Regardless of the pin or the insignia at the center, dolphins are worn with pride by members of the Submarine Force. Following the tradition of the World War II patrol pin, the silver Polaris Patrol Pin is worn by SSBN crews both officer and enlisted. It recognizes their sacrifice and hard work in completing strategic patrols. On gold star marks each patrol completed. A silver star marks five patrols. Upon completion of 20 patrols, a gold patrol pin is authorized. The person on active duty, officer or enlisted, with the most deterrent patrols is presented with the Neptune Award. That person retains the award until someone else attains more patrols than the current holder or until he retires and it goes to the member with the next highest number of patrols. History